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Basic Concepts of Pathophysiology > Pathophysiology

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Total Questions : 4

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Question 1:

A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a client who has a chronic wound infection. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect to indicate inflammation and healing?

A. Increased white blood cell count B. Decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate C. Decreased C-reactive protein level D. Increased albumin level

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Increased white blood cell count is a finding that the nurse should expect to indicate inflammation and healing. White blood cells are the main components of the immune system that fight against infection and promote tissue repair. An elevated white blood cell count reflects an increased production and mobilization of these cells in response to inflammation and healing.

Choice B:

Decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate is not a finding that the nurse should expect to indicate inflammation and healing. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is a measure of how fast red blood cells settle at the bottom of a test tube. A high erythrocyte sedimentation rate indicates increased inflammation, as inflammatory proteins cause red blood cells to clump together and fall faster. A low erythrocyte sedimentation rate indicates decreased inflammation or normal conditions.

Choice C:

Decreased C-reactive protein level is not a finding that the nurse should expect to indicate inflammation and healing. C-reactive protein is a protein produced by the liver that increases in response to inflammation or tissue damage. A high C-reactive protein level indicates increased inflammation, as C-reactive protein binds to damaged cells and activates the complement system, which enhances the inflammatory response. A low C-reactive protein level indicates decreased inflammation or normal conditions.

Choice D:

Increased albumin level is not a finding that the nurse should expect to indicate inflammation and healing. Albumin is a protein produced by the liver that maintains the osmotic pressure and fluid balance in the blood vessels. A low albumin level indicates malnutrition, liver disease, kidney disease, or chronic inflammation, as albumin is lost or consumed by these conditions. A high albumin level indicates dehydration, steroid use, or normal conditions.

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Question 2:

A nurse is caring for a client who has anaphylactic shock due to a hypersensitivity reaction to a medication. Which of the following interventions should the nurse implement? (Select all that apply.)

A. Administer epinephrine as prescribed B. Monitor blood pressure and pulse oximetry C. Administer antihistamines as prescribed D. Administer corticosteroids as prescribed E. Administer antibiotics as prescribed

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Administering epinephrine as prescribed is an intervention that the nurse should implement for a client who has anaphylactic shock due to a hypersensitivity reaction to a medication. Epinephrine is a medication that can reverse the effects of anaphylaxis by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system, which causes bronchodilation, vasoconstriction, increased cardiac output, and decreased release of inflammatory mediators.

Choice B:

Monitoring blood pressure and pulse oximetry is an intervention that the nurse should implement for a client who has anaphylactic shock due to a hypersensitivity reaction to a medication. Anaphylactic shock can cause hypotension and hypoxia due to vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, bronchoconstriction, and laryngeal edema. The nurse should monitor the client's vital signs and oxygen saturation regularly and report any changes or deterioration.

Choice C:

Administering antihistamines as prescribed is an intervention that the nurse should implement for a client who has anaphylactic shock due to a hypersensitivity reaction to a medication. Antihistamines are medications that can block the effects of histamine, which is one of the inflammatory mediators released during anaphylaxis. Antihistamines can help reduce itching, hives, flushing, and swelling.

Choice D:

Administering corticosteroids as prescribed is an intervention that the nurse should implement for a client who has anaphylactic shock due to a hypersensitivity reaction to a medication. Corticosteroids are medications that can suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokines, which are other inflammatory mediators released during anaphylaxis. Corticosteroids can help prevent or treat delayed or prolonged reactions.

Choice E:

Administering antibiotics as prescribed is not an intervention that the nurse should implement for a client who has anaphylactic shock due to a hypersensitivity reaction to a medication. Antibiotics are medications that can treat bacterial infections, but they have no effect on anaphylaxis, which is an immune-mediated reaction. In fact, some antibiotics can cause anaphylaxis in some clients who are allergic to them.

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Question 3:

A nurse is teaching a client who has a viral infection about the role of the immune system in fighting the infection. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?

A. "I have antibodies that can recognize and destroy the virus." B. "I have natural killer cells that can directly kill the virus." C. "I have macrophages that can engulf and digest the virus." D. "I have complement proteins that can activate the virus."

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Antibodies are proteins produced by B lymphocytes that can recognize and bind to specific antigens, such as viruses, and mark them for destruction by other immune cells or mechanisms. Antibodies are part of the adaptive immune system, which provides specific and long-lasting immunity against pathogens.

Choice B:

Natural killer cells are lymphocytes that can directly kill infected or abnormal cells by releasing cytotoxic substances that induce apoptosis. Natural killer cells are part of the innate immune system, which provides nonspecific and immediate immunity against pathogens, but they do not directly kill viruses, which are intracellular parasites.

Choice C:

Macrophages are phagocytes that can engulf and digest foreign particles, such as bacteria, fungi, or cellular debris. Macrophages are part of the innate immune system, which provides nonspecific and immediate immunity against pathogens, but they are not very effective against viruses, which are intracellular parasites.

Choice D:

Complement proteins are plasma proteins that can activate a cascade of reactions that enhance inflammation, opsonization, and lysis of pathogens. Complement proteins are part of the innate immune system, which provides nonspecific and immediate immunity against pathogens, but they do not activate viruses, which are inert particles outside of host cells.

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Question 4:

A nurse is caring for a client who has a malignant tumor in the colon. The nurse understands that neoplasia is the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells that can invade and destroy normal tissues. Which of the following factors can contribute to neoplasia? (Select all that apply.)

A. Genetic mutations B. Hormonal imbalances C. Chronic inflammation D. Viral infections E. Nutritional deficiencies

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Genetic mutations are a factor that can contribute to neoplasia. Genetic mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell that can affect its normal function and regulation. Some genetic mutations are inherited, while others are acquired due to environmental factors, such as radiation, chemicals, or smoking. Genetic mutations can cause oncogenes to be activated or tumor suppressor genes to be inactivated, which can result in uncontrolled cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis.

Choice B:

Hormonal imbalances are a factor that can contribute to neoplasia. Hormonal imbalances are abnormal levels of hormones in the body that can affect the growth and differentiation of cells. Some hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, can stimulate the growth of certain types of cells, such as breast and endometrial cells. Hormonal imbalances can increase the risk of developing hormone-dependent cancers, such as breast cancer or endometrial cancer.

Choice C:

Chronic inflammation is a factor that can contribute to neoplasia. Chronic inflammation is a prolonged and persistent inflammatory response that can damage normal tissues and cause tissue repair and regeneration. Chronic inflammation can increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines, which can induce DNA damage and genetic mutations. Chronic inflammation can also stimulate angiogenesis and invasion of inflammatory cells, which can promote tumor growth and metastasis.

Choice D:

Viral infections are a factor that can contribute to neoplasia. Viral infections are invasions of viruses into host cells that can cause disease or harm. Some viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), can cause neoplasia by integrating their DNA into the host cell's genome and altering its normal function and regulation. Viral infections can also impair the immune system's ability to recognize and eliminate abnormal cells.

Choice E:

Nutritional deficiencies are not a factor that can contribute to neoplasia. Nutritional deficiencies are inadequate intake or absorption of essential nutrients that can affect the health and function of various organs and systems. Nutritional deficiencies can increase the risk of developing infections or chronic diseases, but they do not directly cause neoplasia. However, some nutrients, such as antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and fiber, may have protective effects against neoplasia by preventing oxidative stress, enhancing immune function, or modulating hormonal levels.

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