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Endocrine Systems
Study Questions
Diabetes Mellitus
The nurse is providing education to a client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further clarification?
Explanation
This statement is incorrect because not all individuals with diabetes can control their condition through diet and exercise alone. Insulin or other medications may be necessary to achieve and maintain target blood sugar levels.
Incorrect choices:
a. This statement is correct. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that affects how the body uses glucose for energy.
b. This statement is correct. Regular blood sugar monitoring is important to manage and maintain blood sugar levels within a target range.
d. This statement is correct. If left uncontrolled, diabetes can lead to various complications, including kidney damage and nerve problems.
Which of the following best describes type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Explanation
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to an absolute insulin deficiency. It is not primarily characterized by insulin resistance (choice a) and is not typically diagnosed in adulthood (choice b). Oral hypoglycemic agents (choice d) are not the mainstay of treatment for type 1 diabetes.
The nurse is explaining the role of insulin in diabetes mellitus. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further clarification?
Explanation
This statement is incorrect because it inaccurately suggests that insulin administration is only necessary for type 1 diabetes. While it is essential for type 1 diabetes, it can also be used in some cases of type 2 diabetes when other treatments are ineffective.
Incorrect choices:
a. This statement is correct. Insulin facilitates the entry of glucose into cells for energy.
b. This statement is correct. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and released in response to elevated blood sugar levels.
d. This statement is correct. In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance occurs, meaning the body's cells become less responsive to the effects of insulin.
Which of the following is a classic symptom of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus?
Explanation
Excessive thirst and frequent urination are classic symptoms of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. These symptoms result from the body's attempt to eliminate excess glucose through urine.
Incorrect choices:
b. This choice is incorrect. Bradycardia and low blood pressure are not classic symptoms of hyperglycemia; they may be associated with other conditions.
c. This choice is incorrect. Weight gain and increased appetite are not typical symptoms of hyperglycemia; they may be observed in certain situations, but they are not characteristic of uncontrolled diabetes.
d. This choice is incorrect. Hypoglycemic episodes with confusion are symptoms of low blood sugar, not hyperglycemia.
Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Explanation
Sedentary lifestyle and obesity are modifiable risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lifestyle changes, such as increasing physical activity and achieving a healthy weight, can help reduce the risk.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Family history of type 2 diabetes is a non-modifiable risk factor.
b. This choice is incorrect. Age over 65 years is a non-modifiable risk factor.
d. This choice is incorrect. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells is associated with type 1 diabetes, not type 2.
The nurse is teaching a client with diabetes about the importance of blood sugar monitoring. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further clarification?
Explanation
This statement is incorrect because blood sugar monitoring is an essential part of diabetes management, even when the client is feeling well. It provides valuable information about blood sugar levels and helps prevent both high and low blood sugar episodes.
Incorrect choices:
a. This statement is correct. Regular blood sugar monitoring provides insights into how the body responds to food and medication.
b. This statement is correct. Blood sugar monitoring is important for preventing both hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic episodes.
d. This statement is correct. Monitoring blood sugar levels empowers the client to make informed decisions about their diabetes management.
Which of the following is a long-term complication associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus?
Explanation
Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to nerve damage, a condition known as neuropathy. This can result in symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and pain in the extremities.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Temporary vision changes may occur due to high blood sugar levels, but it is not a long-term complication.
b. This choice is incorrect. Frequent hypoglycemic episodes may occur with medication use, but it is not a typical long-term complication of uncontrolled diabetes.
c. This choice is incorrect. Diarrhea and stomach cramps are not commonly associated with long-term complications of diabetes.
Which of the following is an appropriate dietary recommendation for a client with diabetes mellitus?
Explanation
Including a variety of whole grains, lean proteins, and vegetables in meals is an appropriate dietary recommendation for a client with diabetes. Carbohydrates should not be completely avoided (choice a), and sugary snacks should be limited (choice b). Adequate fluid intake is important, and there is no need to restrict fluids (choice d).
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Carbohydrates are an important source of energy and should not be completely avoided. The focus should be on managing portion sizes and making healthy carbohydrate choices.
b. This choice is incorrect. Consuming high amounts of sugary snacks can lead to blood sugar spikes and is not recommended for individuals with diabetes.
d. This choice is incorrect. Adequate fluid intake is important for overall health and is not typically restricted in diabetes management.
A client with diabetes is experiencing symptoms of hypoglycemia. The nurse should instruct the client to consume:
Explanation
Consuming a piece of fruit is an appropriate choice for treating hypoglycemia, as it provides a source of natural sugars that can help raise blood sugar levels.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. A large serving of pasta contains complex carbohydrates that may take longer to raise blood sugar levels.
c. This choice is incorrect. A candy bar may provide a quick source of sugar, but it is often high in added sugars and unhealthy fats.
d. This choice is incorrect. Alcohol can further lower blood sugar levels and is not recommended for treating hypoglycemia.
The nurse is teaching a client about foot care for diabetes management. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further clarification?
Explanation
Soaking feet in hot water can lead to burns and is not recommended for individuals with diabetes, as they may have reduced sensation. Warm water and gentle cleaning are more appropriate for foot care.
Incorrect choices:
a. This statement is correct. Daily inspection of the feet is important to detect any cuts, sores, or blisters early and prevent complications.
c. This statement is correct. Wearing comfortable shoes and avoiding high heels helps protect the feet and prevent injuries.
d. This statement is correct. Moisturizing the feet regularly can help prevent dry skin, which can lead to cracks and potential infections.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Explanation
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to a lack of insulin production. This results in an absolute insulin deficiency and requires external insulin administration.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Insulin resistance is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes, not type 1.
b. This choice is incorrect. Type 1 diabetes is not primarily caused by lifestyle factors; it has an autoimmune etiology.
d. This choice is incorrect. Type 1 diabetes typically develops in childhood or adolescence, not adulthood, and is not associated with insulin resistance.
Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms contributes to hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Explanation
In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance occurs, meaning that the body's cells do not respond effectively to the action of insulin. This leads to decreased glucose uptake by cells and elevated blood sugar levels.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells is characteristic of type 1 diabetes, not type 2.
b. This choice is incorrect. Increased sensitivity of cells to insulin would result in improved glucose uptake and reduced hyperglycemia.
d. This choice is incorrect. Excess insulin production by the pancreas is not a typical mechanism in type 2 diabetes.
Which of the following accurately describes the role of insulin in glucose metabolism?
Explanation
Insulin plays a key role in glucose metabolism by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, reducing blood sugar levels. It also promotes glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle cells.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Insulin promotes glucose uptake into cells, leading to decreased blood sugar levels.
b. This choice is incorrect. Insulin promotes glycogen synthesis, which stores glucose and reduces blood sugar levels.
d. This choice is incorrect. Insulin promotes glycogen synthesis, contributing to the storage of glucose and lowering blood sugar levels.
Which of the following is a potential consequence of prolonged hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus?
Explanation
Prolonged hyperglycemia in diabetes can lead to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which contribute to tissue damage, inflammation, and complications such as neuropathy and nephropathy.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Hypoglycemic episodes are associated with low blood sugar, not prolonged hyperglycemia.
b. This choice is incorrect. Increased cellular glucose uptake and energy production would not be consequences of prolonged hyperglycemia; rather, hyperglycemia impairs cellular glucose uptake.
d. This choice is incorrect. Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to insulin resistance, not enhanced insulin sensitivity.
Which classification of diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in an absolute insulin deficiency?
Explanation
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune response that targets and destroys pancreatic beta cells, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin production.
Incorrect choices:
b. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, but not the autoimmune destruction of beta cells.
c. This choice is incorrect. Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs during pregnancy and is not characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells.
d. This choice is incorrect. Secondary diabetes mellitus is caused by other underlying medical conditions or factors and is not primarily characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells.
Which classification of diabetes mellitus is primarily characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency?
Explanation
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance, where cells do not effectively respond to insulin, and relative insulin deficiency due to impaired beta cell function.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Type 1 diabetes mellitus involves autoimmune destruction of beta cells and an absolute insulin deficiency.
c. This choice is incorrect. Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs during pregnancy and may involve a combination of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.
d. This choice is incorrect. Secondary diabetes mellitus is caused by other medical conditions or factors, not primarily by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
Which classification of diabetes mellitus occurs during pregnancy and typically resolves after childbirth?
Explanation
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes that increase insulin resistance. It usually resolves after childbirth, but women with GDM have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Type 1 diabetes mellitus involves autoimmune destruction of beta cells and is not related to pregnancy.
b. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency and is not specific to pregnancy.
d. This choice is incorrect. Secondary diabetes mellitus is caused by other underlying medical conditions or factors and is not specific to pregnancy.
Which classification of diabetes mellitus is caused by other medical conditions or factors, such as certain medications or hormonal imbalances?
Explanation
Secondary diabetes mellitus is caused by other medical conditions or factors that affect insulin secretion or action, such as medications, hormonal disorders, or specific medical conditions.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is primarily caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells.
b. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, often influenced by lifestyle factors.
c. This choice is incorrect. Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes and is not primarily caused by other medical conditions or factors.
Which classification of diabetes mellitus is not related to insulin deficiency or resistance, but rather results from genetic mutations affecting the function of specific genes involved in beta cell function?
Explanation
MODY is a rare form of diabetes caused by genetic mutations affecting beta cell function. It is not primarily related to insulin deficiency or resistance.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Type 1 diabetes mellitus involves autoimmune destruction of beta cells and insulin deficiency.
b. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
d. This choice is incorrect. Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes and is not primarily caused by genetic mutations.
Which clinical manifestation is often referred to as the "three P's" of diabetes mellitus?
Explanation
The "three P's" of diabetes mellitus refer to polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), and polyphagia (excessive hunger) due to the body's inability to effectively use glucose for energy.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Increased appetite, weight gain, and bloating are not characteristic of diabetes mellitus; rather, diabetes is associated with weight loss despite increased appetite (polyphagia).
c. This choice is incorrect. Pallor, palpitations, and pain are not specific manifestations of diabetes mellitus.
d. This choice is incorrect. Panic attacks, paranoia, and paresthesia are not typical clinical manifestations of diabetes mellitus.
Which clinical manifestation of diabetes mellitus is related to long-standing hyperglycemia and may result in slow wound healing and frequent infections?
Explanation
Long-standing hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus can lead to impaired wound healing, as high blood sugar levels affect blood flow and immune function, increasing the risk of infections.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are the "three P's" associated with diabetes-related hyperglycemia.
b. This choice is incorrect. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are not typically related to long-standing hyperglycemia in diabetes.
c. This choice is incorrect. Blurred vision and vision loss are manifestations of diabetic retinopathy, a microvascular complication, rather than impaired wound healing.
Which clinical manifestation of diabetes mellitus results from chronic hyperglycemia damaging small blood vessels and nerves?
Explanation
Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus can lead to damage of small blood vessels and nerves, resulting in neuropathy characterized by numbness, tingling, and pain in the extremities.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are not typically manifestations of neuropathy in diabetes mellitus.
b. This choice is incorrect. Blurred vision and vision loss are associated with diabetic retinopathy, a microvascular complication, not nerve damage.
c. This choice is incorrect. Impaired wound healing and increased susceptibility to infections are related to the effects of hyperglycemia on blood flow and immune function, rather than nerve damage.
Which clinical manifestation of diabetes mellitus is characterized by blurred or distorted vision?
Explanation
Diabetic retinopathy, a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, can lead to blurred or distorted vision due to damage to the blood vessels in the retina.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are the "three P's" associated with hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus.
b. This choice is incorrect. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are not typically associated with blurred or distorted vision.
c. This choice is incorrect. Impaired wound healing and increased susceptibility to infections are related to the effects of hyperglycemia on blood flow and immune function, rather than visual disturbances.
Which clinical manifestation of diabetes mellitus is commonly associated with weight loss despite increased appetite?
Explanation
Weight loss despite increased appetite (polyphagia) is a clinical manifestation of diabetes mellitus due to the body's inability to effectively use glucose for energy, leading to breakdown of muscle and fat tissue.
Incorrect choices:
b. This choice is incorrect. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are not directly related to weight loss despite increased appetite.
c. This choice is incorrect. Impaired wound healing and increased susceptibility to infections are consequences of chronic hyperglycemia, but they are not directly related to weight loss.
d. This choice is incorrect. Rapid weight gain and bloating are not characteristic manifestations of diabetes mellitus; weight loss is more common.
Which diagnostic test is commonly used to assess long-term glucose control in individuals with diabetes mellitus?
Explanation
The HbA1c test measures the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months and provides information about long-term glucose control. It is commonly used to monitor diabetes management and assess the effectiveness of treatment.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. The fasting blood glucose test measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast and provides information about current glucose levels, not long-term control.
b. This choice is incorrect. The OGTT measures the body's ability to clear glucose from the blood and is used to diagnose diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, but it is not typically used for assessing long-term glucose control.
d. This choice is incorrect. The C-peptide test is used to assess insulin production by the pancreas and is not typically used to assess long-term glucose control.
Which diagnostic criterion is indicative of diabetes mellitus on a fasting blood glucose test?
Explanation
A fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher on two separate occasions is indicative of diabetes mellitus. A level of 110 mg/dL is within the normal range, and levels of 90 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL are also normal.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. A fasting blood glucose level of 110 mg/dL is within the normal range.
c. This choice is incorrect. A fasting blood glucose level of 90 mg/dL is within the normal range.
d. This choice is incorrect. A fasting blood glucose level of 100 mg/dL is within the normal range.
Which diagnostic test is used to assess glucose tolerance and diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy?
Explanation
The OGTT involves drinking a glucose solution and measuring blood glucose levels at specific intervals. It is used to assess glucose tolerance and diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. The fasting blood glucose test measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast and is not specifically used for diagnosing gestational diabetes.
b. This choice is incorrect. The HbA1c test measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months and is not typically used for diagnosing gestational diabetes.
d. This choice is incorrect. The random blood glucose test measures blood glucose levels at any time and is not specific for diagnosing gestational diabetes.
Which diagnostic test is used to assess the body's ability to clear glucose from the blood and is commonly used to diagnose diabetes mellitus?
Explanation
The OGTT measures the body's ability to clear glucose from the blood by drinking a glucose solution and measuring blood glucose levels at specific intervals. It is commonly used to diagnose diabetes mellitus.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. The fasting blood glucose test measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast and is not specifically used to assess glucose clearance.
b. This choice is incorrect. The HbA1c test measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months and is not specifically used to assess glucose clearance.
c. This choice is incorrect. The C-peptide test assesses insulin production by the pancreas and is not specifically used to assess glucose clearance.
Which diagnostic criterion is indicative of diabetes mellitus on a random blood glucose test?
Explanation
A random blood glucose level of 140 mg/dL or higher, along with symptoms of hyperglycemia, is indicative of diabetes mellitus. Symptoms may include excessive thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. A random blood glucose level of 90 mg/dL is within the normal range.
c. This choice is incorrect. A random blood glucose level of 110 mg/dL is within the normal range.
d. This choice is incorrect. A random blood glucose level of 120 mg/dL is within the normal range
Which medication works by increasing insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, facilitating glucose uptake by cells, and is commonly used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Explanation
Metformin is a commonly used oral antidiabetic medication that improves insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, reduces hepatic glucose production, and enhances glucose uptake by cells.
Incorrect choices:
b. This choice is incorrect. Glipizide is a sulfonylurea medication that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas, rather than increasing insulin sensitivity.
c. This choice is incorrect. Insulin lispro is a rapid-acting insulin analog used for mealtime coverage in insulin therapy.
d. This choice is incorrect. Exenatide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that stimulates insulin secretion and suppresses glucagon release, but it does not primarily target insulin sensitivity.
Which medication enhances insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and is commonly used to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Explanation
Glipizide is a sulfonylurea medication that stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, helping to lower blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Metformin is an oral antidiabetic medication that primarily improves insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic glucose production.
c. This choice is incorrect. Insulin glargine is a long-acting basal insulin used in insulin therapy to provide consistent background insulin coverage.
d. This choice is incorrect. Acarbose is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that delays carbohydrate absorption in the intestines and is used to manage postprandial hyperglycemia.
Which medication works by inhibiting the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in the kidneys, leading to increased glucose excretion in the urine, and is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Explanation
Empagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor that reduces renal glucose reabsorption, leading to increased urinary glucose excretion and improved glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Metformin primarily improves insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic glucose production.
b. This choice is incorrect. Glipizide stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
d. This choice is incorrect. Insulin detemir is a long-acting basal insulin used in insulin therapy.
Which treatment approach involves delivering a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion using an insulin pump and providing bolus doses before meals to mimic physiologic insulin secretion?
Explanation
Basal-bolus insulin therapy involves administering a continuous basal insulin infusion to provide background insulin coverage and delivering bolus doses of insulin before meals to cover postprandial glucose elevations.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Oral antidiabetic medications are not used in basal-bolus insulin therapy.
c. This choice is incorrect. Sliding-scale insulin therapy involves adjusting insulin doses based on current blood glucose levels, rather than providing consistent basal and mealtime coverage.
d. This choice is incorrect. Insulin glargine therapy provides long-acting basal insulin coverage but does not involve bolus doses before meals.
Which treatment modality involves monitoring blood glucose levels and adjusting insulin doses based on carbohydrate intake, activity level, and current blood glucose levels to achieve tight glycemic control?
Explanation
Intensive insulin therapy involves close monitoring of blood glucose levels and making frequent adjustments to insulin doses to achieve tight glycemic control and prevent complications in individuals with diabetes mellitus.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Sliding-scale insulin therapy involves adjusting insulin doses based on current blood glucose levels, without considering other factors such as carbohydrate intake and activity.
c. This choice is incorrect. Insulin detemir therapy is a form of basal insulin coverage and does not necessarily involve frequent adjustments.
d. This choice is incorrect. Oral antidiabetic medications are not part of intensive insulin therapy.
Which chronic complication of diabetes mellitus is characterized by the thickening and narrowing of small blood vessels, leading to impaired blood flow to the lower extremities?
Explanation
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus that results from the thickening and narrowing of small blood vessels, leading to reduced blood flow to the lower extremities. This can cause symptoms such as leg pain, numbness, and poor wound healing.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication characterized by high blood glucose levels, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis.
b. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic complication that affects the kidneys and can lead to impaired kidney function.
c. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic neuropathy refers to nerve damage due to diabetes and can cause symptoms such as tingling, pain, and loss of sensation in the extremities.
Which complication of diabetes mellitus is characterized by the accumulation of glucose within the lens of the eye, leading to changes in vision and the development of cataracts?
Explanation
Diabetic cataracts result from the accumulation of glucose within the lens of the eye, leading to changes in vision and the development of cataracts. This can cause blurred vision and visual disturbances.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication that affects the blood vessels of the retina and can lead to vision loss.
b. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic neuropathy refers to nerve damage due to diabetes and can cause symptoms such as tingling, pain, and loss of sensation in the extremities.
c. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication characterized by high blood glucose levels, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis.
Which complication of diabetes mellitus is characterized by high blood glucose levels and the presence of ketones in the urine, leading to metabolic acidosis and potentially life-threatening complications?
Explanation
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by high blood glucose levels, the presence of ketones in the urine, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances. It can lead to life-threatening complications if not treated promptly.
Incorrect choices:
b. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic complication that affects the kidneys and can lead to impaired kidney function.
c. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic neuropathy refers to nerve damage due to diabetes and can cause symptoms such as tingling, pain, and loss of sensation in the extremities.
d. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication that affects the blood vessels of the retina and can lead to vision loss.
Which complication of diabetes mellitus is characterized by damage to the blood vessels of the retina, leading to vision impairment and potential blindness?
Explanation
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus that affects the blood vessels of the retina, leading to vision impairment and potential blindness. It is a result of prolonged high blood glucose levels damaging the small blood vessels in the eye.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication characterized by high blood glucose levels, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis.
b. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic complication that affects the kidneys and can lead to impaired kidney function.
c. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic neuropathy refers to nerve damage due to diabetes and can cause symptoms such as tingling, pain, and loss of sensation in the extremities.
Which complication of diabetes mellitus is characterized by kidney damage due to prolonged high blood glucose levels, leading to impaired kidney function and potential kidney failure?
Explanation
Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus that affects the kidneys and can lead to impaired kidney function and potential kidney failure. Prolonged high blood glucose levels damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to kidney damage.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication characterized by high blood glucose levels, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis.
c. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic neuropathy refers to nerve damage due to diabetes and can cause symptoms such as tingling, pain, and loss of sensation in the extremities.
d. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication that affects the blood vessels of the retina and can lead to vision loss.
Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin production?
Explanation
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune process in which the body's immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells responsible for producing insulin. This results in an absolute deficiency of insulin, requiring exogenous insulin administration for glycemic control.
Incorrect choices:
b. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, rather than autoimmune destruction of beta cells.
c. This choice is incorrect. Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs during pregnancy and is not characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells.
d. This choice is incorrect. Prediabetes is a precursor to type 2 diabetes and involves impaired glucose tolerance, but it does not result from autoimmune destruction of beta cells.
Which hormone, produced by the pancreas, plays a key role in regulating blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells and promoting its storage as glycogen in the liver and muscles?
Explanation
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels. It facilitates glucose uptake into cells, promotes glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscles, and inhibits hepatic glucose production.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Glucagon is another pancreatic hormone that increases blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown and glucose release from the liver.
c. This choice is incorrect. Epinephrine is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that can raise blood glucose levels during times of stress.
d. This choice is incorrect. Cortisol, also produced by the adrenal glands, can increase blood glucose levels in response to stress and inflammation.
Which laboratory test is commonly used to monitor long-term glycemic control in individuals with diabetes mellitus by measuring average blood glucose levels over the past 2 to 3 months?
Explanation
The Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test measures the percentage of hemoglobin that is glycated, reflecting average blood glucose levels over the past 2 to 3 months. It is a valuable tool for assessing long-term glycemic control.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. The fasting blood glucose test measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast and provides a snapshot of current glucose levels, rather than long-term control.
b. This choice is incorrect. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) measures how the body responds to a glucose load and is used to diagnose diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, rather than monitor long-term control.
d. This choice is incorrect. The C-peptide test is used to assess insulin production by measuring the level of C-peptide, a byproduct of insulin production.
Which dietary component is particularly important for individuals with diabetes mellitus to monitor and control due to its direct impact on blood glucose levels?
Explanation
Carbohydrates have the most significant impact on blood glucose levels as they are broken down into glucose during digestion. Monitoring and controlling carbohydrate intake is crucial for managing blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes mellitus.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Fiber intake is important for digestive health and can help stabilize blood glucose levels, but it does not have as direct an impact as carbohydrates.
b. This choice is incorrect. Protein intake can influence insulin secretion, but it has a more modest effect on blood glucose compared to carbohydrates.
c. This choice is incorrect. Fat intake affects overall health, but it has a minimal direct impact on blood glucose levels.
Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion?
Explanation
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys pancreatic beta cells, resulting in a lack of insulin production.
Incorrect choices:
b. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, but pancreatic beta cells are not completely destroyed.
c. This choice is incorrect. Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs during pregnancy and is not caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
d. This choice is incorrect. Prediabetes is a condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. It is not characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells.
Which statement about type 2 diabetes mellitus is accurate?
Explanation
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance, in which cells do not respond effectively to insulin, and impaired insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is not characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion as seen in type 1 diabetes.
b. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus primarily affects adults, especially those who are older and have risk factors such as obesity and sedentary lifestyle.
d. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is not caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells as seen in type 1 diabetes.
Which blood glucose level range is considered indicative of prediabetes?
Explanation
A fasting blood glucose level of 100 to 125 mg/dL is considered indicative of prediabetes, which is a condition where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. A fasting blood glucose level of 70 mg/dL is within the normal range.
c. This choice is incorrect. A random blood glucose level of 150 mg/dL indicates hyperglycemia, but it is not indicative of prediabetes.
d. This choice is incorrect. An hemoglobin A1c level of 6.5% or higher is diagnostic of diabetes mellitus, not prediabetes.
Which statement accurately describes gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?
Explanation
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and is characterized by high blood glucose levels. It usually resolves after childbirth but increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. GDM typically resolves after childbirth, not after.
b. This choice is incorrect. GDM is not a rare condition; it affects a significant percentage of pregnant women.
c. This choice is incorrect. Women with GDM have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, not type 1 diabetes, later in life.
Which organ plays a central role in regulating blood glucose levels by secreting insulin and glucagon?
Explanation
The liver plays a central role in blood glucose regulation by releasing glucose into the bloodstream through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis when blood glucose levels are low. It also stores glucose as glycogen and responds to insulin and glucagon signals.
Incorrect choices:
b. This choice is incorrect. While the kidneys play a role in filtering blood and excreting waste products, they are not primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels.
c. This choice is incorrect. The lungs are involved in oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange and are not directly involved in blood glucose regulation.
d. This choice is incorrect. The spleen is involved in immune function and blood filtration, but it does not play a central role in blood glucose regulation.
Diabetes Insipidus
What is the primary cause of diabetes insipidus (DI)?
Explanation
Diabetes insipidus is primarily caused by the hyposecretion or inadequate release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin. ADH is responsible for regulating water balance by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Overproduction of ADH would lead to excessive water reabsorption and concentrated urine, which is not characteristic of diabetes insipidus.
c. This choice is incorrect. Hypersecretion of aldosterone would lead to sodium retention and increased fluid volume, which is not characteristic of diabetes insipidus.
d. This choice is incorrect. Impaired function of the thyroid gland would lead to thyroid-related disorders, not diabetes insipidus.
What is the main target organ affected by the hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in diabetes insipidus?
Explanation
The kidneys are the main target organ affected by the hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in diabetes insipidus. ADH normally acts on the kidneys to promote water reabsorption and concentrate urine. In diabetes insipidus, the lack of ADH results in excessive urine production and dilute urine.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. The liver is not the primary target organ affected by ADH in diabetes insipidus.
c. This choice is incorrect. The pancreas is not the primary target organ affected by ADH in diabetes insipidus.
d. This choice is incorrect. The heart is not the primary target organ affected by ADH in diabetes insipidus.
Which part of the brain is responsible for producing and releasing antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Explanation
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the neurohypophysis, is responsible for producing and releasing antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in response to signals from the hypothalamus.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. The hypothalamus produces ADH and releases it into the posterior pituitary for storage and release.
c. This choice is incorrect. The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is responsible for producing and releasing other hormones, such as growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone.
d. This choice is incorrect. The pineal gland is responsible for producing melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles, and is not involved in ADH production.
Which of the following statements best describes the effect of hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on urine output?
Explanation
In diabetes insipidus, the hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) leads to decreased water reabsorption in the kidneys, resulting in increased urine output. The urine produced is dilute and lacks the normal concentration of solutes.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Urine output increases, but it becomes dilute, not concentrated.
c. This choice is incorrect. Urine output increases, and the urine becomes dilute, not concentrated.
d. This choice is incorrect. Urine output increases, but it becomes dilute, not concentrated.
Which of the following is a potential cause of central diabetes insipidus (CDI)?
Explanation
Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) can be caused by trauma or injury to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, which disrupts the production or release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Other causes of CDI include tumors, infections, and certain medications.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Excessive fluid intake can lead to increased urine output, but it is not a cause of CDI.
b. This choice is incorrect. Kidney dysfunction is not a common cause of central diabetes insipidus.
d. This choice is incorrect. Hypersecretion of aldosterone would lead to sodium retention and increased fluid volume, which is not characteristic of central diabetes insipidus.
Which type of diabetes insipidus is characterized by a lack of response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the kidneys, leading to excessive urine output and dehydration?
Explanation
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is characterized by a lack of response to ADH by the kidneys, resulting in decreased water reabsorption and increased urine output.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Central diabetes insipidus is characterized by inadequate production or release of ADH from the hypothalamus or pituitary gland.
c. This choice is incorrect. Gestational diabetes insipidus occurs during pregnancy and is rare.
d. This choice is incorrect. Type 1 diabetes insipidus is not a recognized classification of diabetes insipidus.
Which type of diabetes insipidus is caused by trauma, surgery, or other factors that disrupt the production or release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Explanation
Central diabetes insipidus is caused by trauma, surgery, or other factors that affect the production or release of ADH from the hypothalamus or pituitary gland.
Incorrect choices:
b. This choice is incorrect. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is characterized by a lack of response to ADH by the kidneys.
c. This choice is incorrect. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus is not a recognized classification of diabetes insipidus.
d. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes insipidus is not a recognized classification of diabetes insipidus.
Leah: My professor wrote there is Primary and secondary Neurogenic Diabetes inspidous
Which type of diabetes insipidus occurs during pregnancy and is characterized by increased thirst and excessive urine production?
Explanation
Gestational diabetes insipidus is a rare condition that occurs during pregnancy and is characterized by increased thirst and excessive urine production. It is caused by placental production of an enzyme that breaks down ADH.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Central diabetes insipidus is not specifically associated with pregnancy and is not caused by placental factors.
b. This choice is incorrect. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is not specifically associated with pregnancy and is not caused by placental factors.
d. This choice is incorrect. Type 3 diabetes insipidus is not a recognized classification of diabetes insipidus.
Which type of diabetes insipidus is more commonly acquired as a result of kidney disease, medications, or electrolyte imbalances?
Explanation
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is more commonly acquired as a result of kidney disease, medications, electrolyte imbalances, or other factors that affect the kidney's response to ADH.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Central diabetes insipidus is not commonly acquired due to kidney disease or medications.
c. This choice is incorrect. Congenital diabetes insipidus refers to cases present from birth and is not typically acquired.
d. This choice is incorrect. Gestational diabetes insipidus is a rare condition that occurs during pregnancy and is not commonly acquired due to kidney disease or medications.
Which type of diabetes insipidus is characterized by inadequate production or release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the hypothalamus or pituitary gland?
Explanation
Central diabetes insipidus is characterized by inadequate production or release of ADH from the hypothalamus or pituitary gland.
Incorrect choices:
b. This choice is incorrect. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is characterized by a lack of response to ADH by the kidneys.
c. This choice is incorrect. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus is not a recognized classification of diabetes insipidus.
d. This choice is incorrect. Secondary diabetes insipidus refers to cases where another condition or factor, such as head trauma or tumor, affects ADH production or release.
Which clinical manifestation is commonly observed in a client with diabetes insipidus (DI)?
Explanation
Polyuria, which refers to excessive urine output, is a hallmark clinical manifestation of diabetes insipidus (DI). In DI, the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine properly, leading to the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Hypertension is not a typical clinical manifestation of diabetes insipidus.
b. This choice is incorrect. Bradycardia is not a typical clinical manifestation of diabetes insipidus.
d. This choice is incorrect. Hypoglycemia is not a typical clinical manifestation of diabetes insipidus.
Which symptom is commonly reported by clients with diabetes insipidus (DI) due to excessive fluid loss?
Explanation
Excessive fluid loss in diabetes insipidus (DI) can lead to dehydration, resulting in dry skin and mucous membranes.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Constipation is not a typical symptom of diabetes insipidus.
c. This choice is incorrect. Bradycardia is not commonly associated with diabetes insipidus.
d. This choice is incorrect. Hypoglycemia is not a typical symptom of diabetes insipidus.
Which clinical manifestation is consistent with diabetes insipidus (DI)?
Explanation
Increased thirst, or polydipsia, is a common clinical manifestation of diabetes insipidus (DI) due to the body's attempt to compensate for fluid loss.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Weight gain is not a typical clinical manifestation of diabetes insipidus, which is characterized by excessive urine output.
c. This choice is incorrect. Slow wound healing is not typically associated with diabetes insipidus.
d. This choice is incorrect. Elevated blood glucose levels are characteristic of diabetes mellitus, not diabetes insipidus.
Which symptom is a potential consequence of electrolyte imbalances resulting from excessive urine output in diabetes insipidus (DI)?
Explanation
Excessive urine output in diabetes insipidus can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, particularly hypernatremia (elevated sodium levels).
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Hypokalemia (low potassium levels) is not a typical consequence of diabetes insipidus.
c. This choice is incorrect. Hypocalcemia (low calcium levels) is not a typical consequence of diabetes insipidus.
d. This choice is incorrect. Hypoglycemia is not a typical consequence of diabetes insipidus.
Which clinical manifestation is commonly observed in a client with diabetes insipidus (DI) due to excessive fluid intake to compensate for fluid loss?
Explanation
Excessive fluid intake to compensate for fluid loss in diabetes insipidus (DI) can lead to weight loss as the body attempts to excrete excess water.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Bradycardia is not typically associated with excessive fluid intake or diabetes insipidus.
b. This choice is incorrect. Hypotension is not typically associated with excessive fluid intake or diabetes insipidus.
c. This choice is incorrect. Edema is not typically associated with excessive fluid intake or diabetes insipidus.
Which diagnostic test is commonly used to confirm the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus (DI) and distinguish between central and nephrogenic DI?
Explanation
The water deprivation test is commonly used to diagnose diabetes insipidus and differentiate between central and nephrogenic DI. During this test, the client is deprived of fluids while their urine output and concentration are monitored.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Blood glucose testing is used to diagnose diabetes mellitus, not diabetes insipidus.
b. This choice is incorrect. A serum electrolyte panel may provide information about electrolyte imbalances, but it is not the primary diagnostic test for diabetes insipidus.
c. This choice is incorrect. Urine osmolality may be measured as part of the diagnostic evaluation for diabetes insipidus, but it is not the primary diagnostic test.
Which laboratory finding is indicative of diabetes insipidus (DI)?
Explanation
In diabetes insipidus, the inability to concentrate urine leads to diluted urine with low osmolality. An elevated urine osmolality is indicative of the inability to properly conserve water.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Low blood glucose levels are not characteristic of diabetes insipidus.
c. This choice is incorrect. Hypernatremia, or elevated sodium levels, can result from excessive fluid loss in diabetes insipidus, but it is not a direct diagnostic indicator.
d. This choice is incorrect. High urine glucose levels are indicative of diabetes mellitus, not diabetes insipidus.
Which diagnostic test measures the concentration of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the blood and is used to differentiate between central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Explanation
The desmopressin stimulation test measures the response of the kidneys to synthetic ADH (desmopressin) and is used to differentiate between central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. The glucose tolerance test is used to diagnose diabetes mellitus, not diabetes insipidus.
b. This choice is incorrect. A serum electrolyte panel provides information about electrolyte levels but is not specific to diabetes insipidus diagnosis.
c. This choice is incorrect. The water deprivation test, not the desmopressin stimulation test, is used to diagnose diabetes insipidus and assess the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine.
Which diagnostic test involves administering a synthetic form of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to assess the response of the kidneys and differentiate between central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Explanation
The desmopressin stimulation test involves administering synthetic ADH (desmopressin) to assess the response of the kidneys and differentiate between central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. The glucose tolerance test is used to diagnose diabetes mellitus, not diabetes insipidus.
b. This choice is incorrect. A serum electrolyte panel provides information about electrolyte levels but is not specific to diabetes insipidus diagnosis.
c. This choice is incorrect. The water deprivation test, not the desmopressin stimulation test, is used to diagnose diabetes insipidus and assess the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine.
Which diagnostic test measures the concentration of electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium, in the blood and may reveal abnormalities related to fluid and electrolyte balance in diabetes insipidus?
Explanation
A serum electrolyte panel measures the concentration of various electrolytes in the blood and can reveal abnormalities related to fluid and electrolyte balance, which may be present in diabetes insipidus.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. The glucose tolerance test is used to diagnose diabetes mellitus, not diabetes insipidus.
c. This choice is incorrect. The water deprivation test is used to diagnose diabetes insipidus and assess the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine.
d. This choice is incorrect. The desmopressin stimulation test involves administering synthetic ADH to differentiate between central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Which intervention is a key component of the management plan for a client with diabetes insipidus (DI)?
Explanation
Desmopressin (DDAVP) is a synthetic form of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that is commonly used to manage diabetes insipidus by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys and reducing urine output.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Limiting fluid intake to 500 mL per day is not a typical management approach for diabetes insipidus. Adequate fluid intake is necessary to prevent dehydration.
b. This choice is incorrect. Administering hypertonic saline solution is not a standard treatment for diabetes insipidus and may worsen fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
c. This choice is incorrect. Encouraging excessive fluid consumption is not a suitable approach for managing diabetes insipidus, as it can exacerbate fluid loss.
What is the primary goal of pharmacological therapy for diabetes insipidus (DI)?
Explanation
The primary goal of pharmacological therapy for diabetes insipidus is to prevent fluid overload and dehydration by restoring the balance of water and electrolytes through the administration of medications such as desmopressin.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. The goal of pharmacological therapy for diabetes insipidus is to reduce excessive urine output, not increase it.
c. This choice is incorrect. Stimulating thirst sensation is not the primary goal of pharmacological therapy for diabetes insipidus.
d. This choice is incorrect. While maintaining electrolyte balance is important, preventing fluid overload and dehydration is the primary goal of treatment.
What dietary recommendation should the nurse provide to a client with diabetes insipidus (DI)?
Explanation
Clients with diabetes insipidus should maintain a balanced and adequate diet to ensure proper nutrition and hydration. While fluid intake may need to be monitored, severe fluid restriction is not typically necessary.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Avoiding all sources of dietary sodium is not a standard dietary recommendation for diabetes insipidus. Sodium balance is important for overall health.
b. This choice is incorrect. There is no specific indication for a high-protein diet in the management of diabetes insipidus.
c. This choice is incorrect. Limiting fluid intake to 1 liter per day may not be appropriate for all clients and should be based on individual needs and medical guidance.
Which instruction should the nurse include when educating a client with diabetes insipidus (DI) about the administration of desmopressin (DDAVP)?
Explanation
Desmopressin (DDAVP) is typically taken orally with a full glass of water to ensure proper absorption and effectiveness. It is important to maintain adequate hydration.
Incorrect choices:
b. This choice is incorrect. Desmopressin is commonly administered orally, intranasally, or subcutaneously, but not via intramuscular injection.
c. This choice is incorrect. Monitoring blood glucose levels is important for clients with diabetes mellitus, not diabetes insipidus.
d. This choice is incorrect. There is no specific indication to limit dietary fiber intake for clients with diabetes insipidus.
What is a potential adverse effect of desmopressin (DDAVP) therapy in the treatment of diabetes insipidus (DI)?
Explanation
Desmopressin (DDAVP) can lead to excessive water retention, which may dilute the blood and potentially cause hypoglycemia, especially in clients with diabetes mellitus.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Desmopressin therapy is not typically associated with hypertension.
c. This choice is incorrect. Hyperkalemia is not a common adverse effect of desmopressin therapy.
d. This choice is incorrect. While fluid retention is a potential effect of desmopressin therapy, it is not typically associated with adverse outcomes.
The nurse is assessing a client with suspected diabetes insipidus. Which clinical manifestation is consistent with this condition?
Explanation
Polyuria, or excessive urine output, is a hallmark clinical manifestation of diabetes insipidus. Clients with diabetes insipidus produce large volumes of dilute urine.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Polyphagia refers to excessive hunger and is not a characteristic symptom of diabetes insipidus.
c. This choice is incorrect. Polydipsia refers to excessive thirst and is often present in diabetes mellitus, not diabetes insipidus.
d. This choice is incorrect. Polydyspnea refers to difficulty breathing and is not associated with diabetes insipidus.
The nurse is caring for a client with diabetes insipidus. Which laboratory finding is consistent with this condition?
Explanation
Hypernatremia, or elevated sodium levels, is a common laboratory finding in clients with diabetes insipidus due to the excessive loss of water in urine.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Elevated urine specific gravity is not typically seen in diabetes insipidus; instead, urine specific gravity is often diluted.
c. This choice is incorrect. Low serum osmolality is not characteristic of diabetes insipidus, which is associated with concentrated serum.
d. This choice is incorrect. Hypouricemia refers to low levels of uric acid and is not directly related to diabetes insipidus.
Which diagnostic test is commonly used to differentiate between central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Explanation
The water deprivation test is commonly used to differentiate between central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. It involves withholding fluids and monitoring urine output and concentration.
Incorrect choices:
b. This choice is incorrect. A blood glucose test is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes mellitus, not diabetes insipidus.
c. This choice is incorrect. A thyroid function test is not directly related to the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus.
d. This choice is incorrect. A serum creatinine test assesses kidney function but is not specific to diabetes insipidus diagnosis.
The nurse is providing education to a client with diabetes insipidus. Which instruction should the nurse include?
Explanation
Desmopressin is a common medication used to manage diabetes insipidus by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys. It is important for the client to take the medication as prescribed.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. While fluid intake may need to be monitored, severe fluid restriction is not typically necessary for clients with diabetes insipidus.
b. This choice is incorrect. While reducing sodium intake may be beneficial for overall health, it is not a specific instruction for managing diabetes insipidus.
c. This choice is incorrect. Monitoring blood glucose levels is important for clients with diabetes mellitus, not diabetes insipidus.
The nurse is assessing a client with diabetes insipidus. Which intervention is appropriate for preventing complications in this client?
Explanation
Clients with diabetes insipidus may experience electrolyte imbalances, including hypernatremia and hyperkalemia. Monitoring serum potassium levels is important to prevent complications.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Administering diuretics is not appropriate for a client with diabetes insipidus, as they are already experiencing excessive fluid loss.
b. This choice is incorrect. While encouraging fluid intake is important, excessive fluid intake may exacerbate fluid loss in clients with diabetes insipidus.
d. This choice is incorrect. Antidiabetic medications are used to manage diabetes mellitus, not diabetes insipidus.
Diabetic Foot care
The nurse is providing education to a client with diabetes about foot care. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further teaching?
Explanation
The client's statement that wearing tight-fitting shoes is important for preventing friction is incorrect. Tight-fitting shoes can actually increase the risk of friction and pressure, leading to foot problems in individuals with diabetes. Properly fitting shoes with cushioning and support are recommended to prevent foot complications.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. Daily foot inspection is a crucial aspect of diabetic foot care to detect any cuts, blisters, or changes in the skin.
c. This choice is incorrect. Washing the feet daily with mild soap and warm water is an important hygiene practice to prevent infection.
d. This choice is incorrect. Moisturizing the feet with lotion, while avoiding between the toes, helps prevent dry skin and cracking, which can lead to foot problems.
The nurse is educating a client with diabetes about the importance of proper footwear. Which type of footwear is most suitable for this client?
Explanation
Closed-toe shoes with cushioning and support are the most suitable footwear for a client with diabetes. These shoes provide protection, reduce friction, and help prevent foot complications.
Incorrect choices:
a. This choice is incorrect. High-heeled shoes can increase pressure on certain areas of the feet and may lead to discomfort and foot problems for individuals with diabetes.
b. This choice is incorrect. Tight-fitting shoes can lead to friction, pressure, and potential foot injuries in individuals with diabetes.
c. This choice is incorrect. Open-toed sandals do not provide adequate protection and support for the feet, which is essential for preventing foot complications.
The nurse is teaching a client with diabetes about how to trim their toenails. Which instruction should the nurse provide?
Explanation
Clients with diabetes should be instructed to trim their toenails straight across to prevent ingrown toenails and potential foot infections.
Incorrect choices:
b. This choice is incorrect. Trimming toenails in a curved shape can increase the risk of ingrown toenails and should be avoided.
c. This choice is incorrect. Trimming toenails too short can lead to cuts, infections, and other foot problems.
d. This choice is incorrect. Trimming toenails at a 90-degree angle is not recommended and may lead to ingrown toenails.