Inflammation And Wound Healing Exams

Inflammation And Wound Healing

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Practice Exercise 1

Question 1 :

Which of the following is the primary role of macrophages during the proliferative phase of wound healing?

A. Initiating vasoconstriction to control bleeding. B. Phagocytizing bacteria and cellular debris. C. Secreting growth factors that stimulate angiogenesis and collagen synthesis. D. Producing histamine to increase vascular permeability.

Explanation

Secreting growth factors that stimulate angiogenesis and collagen synthesis is the primary role of macrophages during the proliferative phase. In this phase, macrophages shift from primarily phagocytic activity (in the inflammatory phase) to a reparative role, releasing cytokines and growth factors such as VEGF and TGF-β, which promote new blood vessel formation and stimulate fibroblasts to produce collagen for tissue repair.

Rationale for correct answer:
3. Secreting growth factors: Macrophages act as key regulators of wound healing by promoting angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, and extracellular matrix production, all critical for granulation tissue formation.

Rationale for incorrect answers:

1. Initiating vasoconstriction: This is the role of platelets and vascular smooth muscle during the hemostasis phase, not the proliferative phase.

2. Phagocytizing bacteria and debris: This is the main macrophage role in the inflammatory phase, though some clearance may continue early in the proliferative stage.

4. Producing histamine: Histamine release comes mainly from mast cells and basophils during the early inflammatory response, not from macrophages in the proliferative phase.

Take home points:

The proliferative phase focuses on tissue rebuilding, not just inflammation control.
Macrophages transition from “clean-up crew” to “construction managers,” directing fibroblasts and endothelial cells.
Growth factors from macrophages are essential for angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and granulation tissue formation.

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Exams on Inflammation And Wound Healing

Practice Exercise 1

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Lessons

Table of Contents

Objectives
Introduction
Practice Exercise 1
Nursing Management
Pressure Ulcers
Risk Factors For Pressure Ulcers
Clinical Manifestations
Practice Exercise 2
Staging Of Pressure Ulcers
Common Nursing Diagnoses
Practice Exercise 3
Summary
Comprehensive Questions

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Introduction

Inflammation is the body's immediate response to injury or infection, aiming to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues, and establish a repair process.
Wound healing is a complex process that restores tissue integrity after injury, involving multiple overlapping phases.

Inflammation is the body's immediate response to injury or infection, aiming to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues, and establish a repair process.
Wound healing is a complex process that restores tissue integrity after injury, involving multiple overlapping phases.

The Inflammatory Response

Purpose and Function

Neutralizes and dilutes the injurious agent.
Removes necrotic materials.
Establishes an environment suitable for healing and repair.

Vascular Response

Vasodilation increases blood flow to the injured area.
Increased capillary permeability allows plasma proteins and leukocytes to migrate into the tissue.
Chemical mediators like histamine and prostaglandins contribute to these changes.

Cellular Response

Neutrophils arrive first to phagocytize pathogens and debris.
Monocytes follow, transforming into macrophages that continue phagocytosis and release growth factors.
Lymphocytes may also be involved in immune responses.

Exudate Formation

Serous exudate: clear, watery plasma.
Purulent exudate: thick, yellow-green, indicating infection.
Hemorrhagic exudate: contains blood, indicating severe tissue injury.

Systemic Manifestations

Fever, leukocytosis, malaise, and increased heart rate are common systemic signs.

Wound Healing Processes

Types of Wound Healing

Primary Intention
- Edges are approximated (e.g., surgical incision).
- Minimal tissue loss and scarring.
Secondary Intention
- Wound edges not approximated.
- Greater tissue loss; healing occurs by granulation.
Tertiary Intention
- Delayed primary closure due to infection or contamination.

Phases of Wound Healing

Hemostasis
- Immediate vasoconstriction and clot formation.
Inflammatory Phase
- Lasts 3–5 days.
- Characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
Proliferative Phase
- Lasts 5–21 days.
- Fibroblasts produce collagen; granulation tissue forms.
Maturation (Remodeling) Phase
- Can last months.
- Collagen is remodeled; tensile strength increases.

Factors Affecting Wound Healing

Local Factors

Infection delays healing.
Necrotic tissue impedes granulation.
Oxygenation is essential for collagen synthesis.

Systemic Factors

Age: Older adults may have delayed healing.
Nutrition: Protein, vitamin C, and zinc are vital.
Chronic diseases: Diabetes impairs circulation and immune response.
Medications: Steroids can suppress inflammation.

Complications of Wound Healing

Dehiscence: Separation of wound edges.
Evisceration: Protrusion of internal organs.
Infection: Signs include redness, warmth, swelling, and purulent drainage.
Hypertrophic scars and keloids: Excessive collagen formation.

Take Practice Test on Introduction

Take Practice Test on Practice Exercise 1

Take Practice Test on Nursing Management

Take Practice Test on Pressure Ulcers

Take Practice Test on Risk Factors For Pressure Ulcers

Take Practice Test on Clinical Manifestations

Take Practice Test on Practice Exercise 2

Take Practice Test on Staging Of Pressure Ulcers

Take Practice Test on Common Nursing Diagnoses

Take Practice Test on Practice Exercise 3

Take Practice Test on Summary

Take Practice Test on Comprehensive Questions

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