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Isotonic exercises produce movement of a joint while the muscle changes length (concentric/eccentric contractions) against a constant load (e.g., lifting free weights, doing squats). They build strength and endurance but the resistance is typically a fixed weight.

Isometric exercise involves muscle contraction without joint movement (no change in muscle length) - for example, pushing the palms together or holding a static quad set. It increases muscle tension and can maintain strength but does not produce the joint motion typical of many rehab programs.

Aerobic exercise is rhythmic, uses large muscle groups, and increases oxygen consumption and cardiovascular endurance (e.g., walking, cycling). It is not primarily focused on resisted, controlled strengthening of a single joint with a rehab device.

Fluid volume excess describes too much body water (edema, weight gain, bounding pulses) and is not a direct marker of protein catabolism versus synthesis.

A contracture is a permanent shortening of muscle or connective tissue around a joint from immobilization or fibrosis; it’s not the direct result of whole-body negative protein balance.

Osteoporosis is loss of bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration; while nutrition and protein affect bone health, the immediate physiologic shorthand for more protein breakdown than synthesis is not osteoporosis.

Improved renal blood supply to the kidneys: Immobility does not improve renal blood flow. If anything, prolonged bed rest can reduce overall circulation and predispose to complications; improved renal perfusion is not a consequence of immobility.

Decreased urinary calcium: Immobility typically increases bone resorption, releasing calcium into the bloodstream and urine (hypercalciuria). So urinary calcium usually rises, not decreases.

Acidic urine formation: Urinary pH can vary with diet, medications, and infection; immobility itself does not reliably cause acidic urine. It’s urinary stasis and bacterial overgrowth that more directly increase UTI risk.

Decreased heart rate: Although resting heart rate may slightly decrease with bed rest, it is not a typical complication of immobility. The more significant cardiovascular effects include orthostatic hypotension and venous stasis, not bradycardia.

Increased blood pressure: Immobility is more commonly associated with orthostatic hypotension due to blood pooling in the lower extremities and decreased cardiac workload, not hypertension.

Increased urinary output: Inactivity tends to decrease urinary output and promote urinary stasis, which increases the risk for urinary tract infection (UTI) and renal calculi. Increased output would not indicate a complication of immobility.