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Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who developed psychoanalytic theory and therapy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He believed that unconscious thoughts, feelings, and experiences from childhood could influence behavior and mental health in adulthood. Psychoanalytic therapy is a type of talk therapy that aims to bring these unconscious thoughts and experiences to the surface, in order to help patients gain insight into their behavior and mental health.

Defence mechanisms are psychological strategies that individuals use unconsciously to protect themselves from anxiety and emotional pain. Freud identified several defense mechanisms, including repression, denial, projection, and displacement. Psychoanalytic therapy is designed to help patients identify and understand these defense mechanisms, in order to develop healthier coping strategies.

Dorothea Dix was a social reformer who advocated for the humane treatment of the mentally ill. Erick Erickson was a developmental psychologist who developed a theory of psychosocial development.

Hildegard Peplau was a nurse theorist who developed a theory of interpersonal relationships in nursing. None of these individuals were associated with the development of psychoanalytic therapy.

Tertiary prevention refers to interventions that are designed to reduce the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects. In this case, community mental health nurses have been sent to the area to provide intervention after a major hurricane has already occurred. Their goal is to help individuals and communities recover from the traumatic event and reduce the long-term impact on their mental health

Offering self is a therapeutic communication technique where the healthcare professional offers their presence, support, and assistance to the patient. By stating that they will stay with the patient until their ECT treatment, the nurse is offering their presence and support to the patient during a potentially stressful and anxiety-provoking time. This technique can help the patient feel more comfortable and supported, which can help build trust and rapport between the patient and the healthcare professional.

Accepting involves acknowledging the patient's feelings and accepting them without judgment. Giving recognition involves acknowledging the patient's efforts and accomplishments. Formulating a plan involves working with the patient to develop a plan of action for addressing their health concerns. None of these techniques are being demonstrated in this scenario.

This statement by the newly licensed nurse requires intervention by the experienced nurse because it is not therapeutic and does not demonstrate empathy or active listening. Instead of offering advice or telling the client what to do, the nurse should focus on understanding the client’s concerns and feelings and helping them explore their options.

This response by the nurse would be most appropriate for the assessment stage of crisis intervention because it focuses on understanding the client’s past experiences and coping mechanisms. By asking the client about what has worked for them in the past, the nurse can help the client identify and use effective strategies to manage their anxiety during the procedure.

Manipulation involves using indirect, underhanded, or deceptive tactics to control or influence others. In this statement, the speaker is using a veiled threat to control the behavior of another person.

This is an example of manipulative behavior, and the nurse should recognize it as such.

To address the client’s cultural needs, the most appropriate nursing action would be to ask the client directly about their specific cultural needs and preferences. This allows the nurse to provide care that is tailored to the individual client and respects their cultural beliefs and practices.

working with a client in crisis, the nurse’s priority intervention should be to ensure the client’s safety. This involves assessing the client’s risk for harm to themselves or others and taking appropriate measures to prevent harm. Once the client’s safety has been ensured, the nurse can then focus on other interventions such as decreasing the client’s anxiety and identifying previous experiences and coping methods used.

The client is exhibiting the defense mechanism of rationalization, which involves justifying or explaining one’s behavior or feelings in a seemingly logical manner to avoid the true explanation. In this case, the client is rationalizing their decision to drink while taking medication by blaming the nurse for not providing enough information, rather than taking responsibility for their own actions.

Crisis intervention strategies aim to help individuals cope with and recover from a traumatic event or crisis. The first step in crisis intervention is to establish a sense of emotional security and safety for the individual. This can involve providing emotional support, active listening, and empathetic communication.

Disassociation is a defense mechanism that involves mentally separating oneself from a stressful or traumatic situation in order to maintain a sense of calm and focus. In this scenario, the nurse is able to block out the sirens and alarms, which may be causing stress and anxiety, and maintain a calm and focused demeanor while speaking with the client's family. This is an adaptive use of disassociation because it allows the nurse to provide effective care and support to the family despite the chaotic environment.

Denial is a defense mechanism that involves denying or minimizing the existence of a stressful or traumatic situation. Rationalization involves justifying or excusing one's behavior or actions. Altruism involves selflessly helping others as a way of dealing with one's own problems. In this scenario, none of these defense mechanisms are being used by the nurse.

Sublimation is a defense mechanism in which socially unacceptable impulses or drives are redirected into socially acceptable activities or behavior. For example, someone who has aggressive tendencies may channel those impulses into playing competitive sports, or someone who has sexual desires may channel those impulses into creative work like painting or writing.

This response encourages the client to share her thoughts and concerns about returning to school, which can help the nurse to understand the client's perspective and provide support and guidance as needed. It also shows that the nurse is actively listening and interested in what the client has to say, which can help to build trust and rapport in the therapeutic relationship.

The nurse’s action of placing the client in the seclusion room until he admits responsibility for the fight in the day room could be viewed as false imprisonment. False imprisonment is the unlawful restraint of a person against their will. In this case, the nurse is using the seclusion room to restrain the client against their will and is conditioning their release on admitting responsibility for the fight, which could be considered unlawful.

The ethical principle of justice governs this situation. Justice refers to the fair and equal treatment of all individuals. In this case, the nurse is concerned about whether staff are behaving ethically by using different approaches to prevent self-mutilation in two different clients. The principle of justice would require that both clients receive fair and equal treatment based on their individual needs and circumstances.

A client has been seeking the attention of the nurses at the nurse’s station much of the day. The nurse escorts him to this room and tells him to stay there or he will be put into seclusion.

This nursing intervention constitutes false imprisonment because it involves unlawfully restraining the client against their will. In this case, the nurse is using the threat of seclusion to coerce the client into staying in their room, which could be considered unlawful restraint.

It is important for a client to be included in their treatment plan if possible because it allows them to have a say in their own care and to work together with their healthcare team to set achievable goals and objectives. This can help improve the client’s engagement and motivation in their treatment and can lead to better outcomes.

This statement indicates a lack of understanding about the legal basis for involuntary admission and the criteria for discharge. Involuntary admission is authorized when a person is a danger to themselves or others or is gravely disabled, and the decision to discharge must be based on an evaluation by a qualified professional that the person no longer meets those criteria. Therefore, the client cannot simply leave by telling staff they will not harm themselves.

Every patient has the right to refuse treatment, including Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), even if they previously provided consent. The nurse should respect the client's autonomy and inform the client of their right to refuse the treatment, even if the healthcare provider believes it is necessary. It is important for the nurse to discuss the potential risks and benefits of the treatment with the client to make an informed decision. The nurse should also document the client's decision and communicate it with the healthcare provider.

Confidentiality is a critical aspect of the nurse-patient relationship. However, there are specific circumstances where confidentiality must be breached to ensure the patient's safety and well-being. For instance, if a patient is expressing suicidal ideation or harm to others, the nurse has an ethical and legal obligation to report it to the treatment team to prevent harm. It is essential to explain this to the client to establish trust and clarify the limitations of confidentiality.

A client can be kept in the hospital after the initial 72-hour hold if they are deemed to be a threat to themselves or others. This determination is typically made by a mental health professional who evaluates the client’s behavior and mental state. If the client is considered to be a danger, they may be held involuntarily for further treatment and observation.

This demonstrates empathy and understanding toward the client's feelings, which is an essential component of a therapeutic relationship. It acknowledges the client's emotions, validates their experience, and provides support to the client.