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Greater tubercle: The greater tubercle is on the proximal humerus and is the site for rotator cuff muscle attachments; it’s not the landmark for mid-shaft nerve injury.

Coracoid process: Part of the scapula (anterior shoulder), important for muscle/ligament attachment, not adjacent to the humeral mid-shaft or the radial nerve.

Medial epicondyle: A distal humeral landmark near the elbow where the ulnar nerve passes (cubital tunnel) — relevant to elbow/ulnar nerve injury, not mid-shaft radial nerve injury.

Scapula: The scapula is part of the appendicular skeleton (shoulder girdle).

Humerus: The humerus is a limb bone (appendicular skeleton).

Femur: The femur is a lower limb bone (appendicular skeleton).

Iron: Iron is essential for hemoglobin and oxygen transport, not a primary structural bone mineral.

Sodium: Sodium is an extracellular electrolyte important for fluid balance and nerve function, not bone hardness.

Potassium: Potassium is an intracellular electrolyte important for cell function, not the main bone mineral.

Apocrine gland: Apocrine glands produce a protein-rich sweat (body odor after bacterial action), found in axilla/groin; not the primary source of sebum.

Eccrine gland: Eccrine glands produce watery sweat for thermoregulation distributed over much of the body.

Ceruminous gland: Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands in the ear canal that produce cerumen (earwax), not sebum for hair/skin lubrication.

Ligaments: Ligaments stabilize and limit joint movement but do not primarily reduce friction.

Articular cartilage: Articular cartilage provides a smooth, low-friction surface and shock absorption, helping reduce friction.

Joint capsule: The joint capsule encloses and stabilizes the joint and contains synovial fluid but is not the main friction-reducing element.

Medullary cavity: The medullary cavity is the hollow central space within the diaphysis that contains bone marrow; it is not where bone lengthening takes place.

Periosteum: The periosteum is a dense connective tissue layer covering the outer surface of bones and contributes to bone thickness and repair rather than length.

Articular cartilage: Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones in joints to provide a smooth surface for movement but is not involved in bone growth.

Nerve: Nerve tissue transmits electrical impulses to coordinate body functions but does not contract.

Connective: Connective tissue provides structural support and protection but does not produce contraction.

Epithelial: Epithelial tissue forms protective layers and linings but lacks the ability to contract.

Hair follicles: Hair follicles anchor hair shafts and may have nerve endings for hair movement detection but are not primary touch receptors.

Nails: Nails protect the fingertips and enhance fine touch sensitivity but do not directly detect pressure.

Sebaceous glands: Sebaceous glands secrete sebum to lubricate skin and hair, not to sense touch or pressure.

Osteoblasts; osteopetrosis: Osteoblasts build bone matrix and excessive activity leads to denser bone, not osteopetrosis, which involves defective bone resorption.

Osteocytes; osteoporosis: Osteocytes maintain the bone matrix and act as mechanosensors but do not perform resorption that causes bone thinning.

Chondrocytes; osteoarthritis: Chondrocytes maintain cartilage tissue, and their degeneration contributes to osteoarthritis rather than affecting bone resorption.

Absorbing shock: Shock absorption is mainly performed by articular cartilage and synovial fluid rather than ligaments.

Connecting muscles to bones: This function is carried out by tendons, not ligaments.

Lubricating the joint: Lubrication is provided by synovial fluid within the joint capsule, not by ligaments.