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The 1 in 10 estimate underrepresents the current global prevalence. Earlier estimates suggested this figure, but updated data confirms a higher rate.

While 1 in 4 women may experience infertility during specific periods of their reproductive years, this does not reflect couple-based prevalence. The correct global couple-based prevalence is 1 in 6.

The 1 in 8 statistic (12.5%) is closer to historical data specific to certain high-income countries but is not the current global average reported by WHO.

Endometriosis involves ectopic implantation of endometrial tissue, typically presenting with chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and infertility. It is not characterized by anovulation or hyperandrogenism and does not present with polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) involves cessation of ovarian function before age 40. It presents with amenorrhea, elevated FSH (>25 IU/L), and low estradiol (<20 pg/mL). Ovaries are usually small and hypoactive—not polycystic.

Asherman’s syndrome is caused by intrauterine adhesions following uterine surgery or infection. It presents with secondary amenorrhea and infertility but does not involve hyperandrogenism or polycystic ovaries.

Azoospermia is the complete absence of sperm in the ejaculate. It is diagnosed when no sperm are seen in centrifuged semen samples and is not consistent with a count of 10 million/mL.

Asthenozoospermia refers to reduced sperm motility. It is diagnosed when total motility is <40% or progressive motility is <32%. The question does not provide any data on motility.

Teratozoospermia refers to abnormal sperm morphology, specifically when <4% of sperm have normal forms according to strict Kruger criteria. Morphology is not mentioned in this result.

Letrozole is an aromatase inhibitor, not a SERM. It inhibits estrogen synthesis, reducing negative feedback on the hypothalamus, thereby increasing FSH secretion. It is increasingly used as an alternative to clomiphene, particularly in PCOS, but it acts via a different mechanism.

Gonadotropins (FSH, LH, hMG) directly stimulate the ovaries and are used in advanced ovulation induction or ART like IVF. They are not SERMs and require careful monitoring due to higher OHSS risk.

Progesterone is used for luteal phase support or to treat luteal phase defects. It does not induce ovulation but is given after ovulation or embryo transfer to support endometrial receptivity.

Hypothyroidism can cause secondary hyperprolactinemia by increasing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates prolactin secretion. However, it is treated with levothyroxine, not dopamine agonists. Correction of TSH levels (<4.0 mIU/L) will usually reduce prolactin indirectly.

Elevated FSH levels typically indicate diminished ovarian reserve or primary ovarian insufficiency, and are not treated with dopamine agonists. High FSH (>10–15 IU/L) reflects low feedback from estrogen or inhibin and requires other fertility strategies, including ART.

Low estrogen can result from many causes, including hypothalamic amenorrhea or menopause. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but does not involve dopamine agonists. Estrogen replacement or ovulation induction may be appropriate.

Azoospermia is the absence of sperm in ejaculate, which can be due to obstructive or non-obstructive causes. While varicocele may contribute to azoospermia, azoospermia itself is not defined by dilated veins.

Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition (47,XXY) associated with small testes, gynecomastia, and infertility due to testicular failure. It is not associated with dilated scrotal veins.

Oligospermia is defined as sperm concentration <15 million/mL. While varicocele may contribute to oligospermia, the term itself refers to low sperm count and not to venous dilation.

Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) are benign smooth muscle tumors. Submucosal fibroids may contribute to miscarriage, but fibroids do not typically present as a fibrous wall dividing the cavity. Intramural and subserosal fibroids are less implicated in recurrent losses.

Asherman’s syndrome involves intrauterine adhesions, usually acquired after curettage or infection. It leads to secondary amenorrhea, infertility, or miscarriage, but is not congenital or defined by a septum-like structure on imaging.

Endometrial polyps are localized overgrowths of endometrial glands and stroma. They may cause abnormal uterine bleeding or subfertility but do not present as a fibrous partition of the uterine cavity and are not a leading cause of recurrent miscarriage.

Ovulation induction is achieved with agents such as clomiphene citrate, letrozole, or gonadotropins. PGT is unrelated to the hormonal stimulation or ovulation process.

Tubal patency is assessed using hysterosalpingogram (HSG) or sonohysterography, not genetic testing. PGT evaluates embryo genetics, not fallopian tube function.

Sperm motility is influenced by factors such as varicocele, hormonal status, and lifestyle. PGT does not modify sperm motility; it screens embryos post-fertilization.

This defines primary infertility, which refers to couples who have never achieved a pregnancy despite 12 months of unprotected intercourse.

This describes the timeline for initiating infertility evaluation in women >35, but it is not a definition of secondary infertility. The diagnosis is independent of how long attempts have been made.

This implies recurrent pregnancy loss, which is a distinct condition. While miscarriage may occur in secondary infertility, the definition hinges on the inability to conceive, not to maintain pregnancy.

This implies recurrent pregnancy loss, which is a distinct condition. While miscarriage may occur in secondary infertility, the definition hinges on the inability to conceive, not to maintain pregnancy.