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Reason: Sexual abuse is the involvement of a child in sexual activity that he or she does not fully comprehend, is unable to give informed consent to, or for which the child is not developmentally prepared and cannot give consent. Examples include fondling, penetration, exposure to pornography, or prostitution of a child¹. Bruises are not a specific sign of sexual abuse, although they may be present in some cases.

Reason: Emotional or psychological abuse is the intentional or unintentional acts or omissions that cause or have a high probability of causing harm to a child’s emotional development or self-esteem. Examples include humiliation, threats, isolation, rejection, or belittling a child¹. Bruises are not a sign of emotional abuse, although emotional abuse may co-occur with other types of maltreatment.

Reason: Neglect is the failure to provide for a child’s basic physical, emotional, educational, or medical needs. Examples include inadequate food, clothing, shelter, supervision, affection, education, or health care for a child¹. Bruises are not a sign of neglect, although neglect may increase the risk of accidental injuries.

Reason: Physical abuse is the intentional use of physical force against a child that results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in harm to the child’s health, survival, development, or dignity. Examples include hitting, kicking, shaking, burning, or poisoning a child. Severe malnutrition and dehydration are not specific signs of physical abuse, although they may be present in some cases.

Reason: Sexual abuse is the involvement of a child in sexual activity that he or she does not fully comprehend, is unable to give informed consent to, or for which the child is not developmentally prepared and cannot give consent. Examples include fondling, penetration, exposure to pornography, or prostitution of a child. Severe malnutrition and dehydration are not signs of sexual abuse, although they may affect the child's sexual health and development.

Reason: Emotional or psychological abuse is the intentional or unintentional acts or omissions that cause or have a high probability of causing harm to a child’s emotional development or self-esteem. Examples include humiliation, threats, isolation, rejection, or belittling a child. Severe malnutrition and dehydration are not signs of emotional abuse, although they may affect the child's mental health and well-being.

Reason: Difficulty walking or sitting may indicate that the child has been subjected to genital trauma or anal penetration.

Reason: Frequent urinary tract infections may indicate that the child has been exposed to sexually transmitted infections or has poor hygiene due to lack of care or supervision.

Reason: Changes in behavior or mood may indicate that the child is experiencing fear, anxiety, depression, anger, guilt, shame, or confusion as a result of the sexual abuse.

Reason: Physical abuse is the intentional use of physical force against a child that results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in harm to the child’s health, survival, development, or dignity. Examples include hitting, kicking, shaking, burning, or poisoning a child. Failure to thrive is not a specific sign of physical abuse, although it may be present in some cases.

Reason: Sexual abuse is the involvement of a child in sexual activity that he or she does not fully comprehend, is unable to give informed consent to, or for which the child is not developmentally prepared and cannot give consent. Examples include fondling, penetration, exposure to pornography, or prostitution of a child. Failure to thrive is not a sign of sexual abuse, although they may affect the child's sexual health and development.

Reason: Emotional or psychological abuse is the intentional or unintentional acts or omissions that cause or have a high probability of causing harm to a child’s emotional development or self-esteem. Examples include humiliation, threats, isolation, rejection, or belittling a child. Failure to thrive is not a sign of emotional abuse, although it may affect the child's mental health and well-being.

Reason: Physical abuse is the intentional use of physical force against a child that results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in harm to the child’s health, survival, development, or dignity. Examples include hitting, kicking, shaking, burning, or poisoning a child. A cluttered and dirty house, an empty refrigerator, and parental conflict are not specific signs of physical abuse, although they may increase the risk of accidental injuries.

Reason: Sexual abuse is the involvement of a child in sexual activity that he or she does not fully comprehend, is unable to give informed consent to, or for which the child is not developmentally prepared and cannot give consent. Examples include fondling, penetration, exposure to pornography, or prostitution of a child. A cluttered and dirty house, an empty refrigerator, and parental conflict are not signs of sexual abuse, although they may increase the vulnerability of the child to sexual exploitation.

Reason: Emotional or psychological abuse is the intentional or unintentional acts or omissions that cause or have a high probability of causing harm to a child’s emotional development or self-esteem. Examples include humiliation, threats, isolation, rejection, or belittling a child. A cluttered and dirty house, an empty refrigerator, and parental conflict are signs of emotional abuse, as they may create a stressful and chaotic environment for the child.