Review Practice Exercise 3

The Female Reproductive System > Maternal Newborn

Exam Review

Practice Exercise 3

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Total Questions : 5

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Question 1:

Which cervical structure is the primary site for precancerous changes?

A. Ectocervix B. Endocervix C. Transformation zone D. Internal os

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

The ectocervix is the outer portion of the cervix lined by squamous epithelium, but precancerous changes typically begin at the transformation zone rather than the entire ectocervix.

Choice B:

The endocervix is lined with columnar epithelium and produces cervical mucus, but it is less commonly the site of CIN compared to the transformation zone.

Choice C:

The transformation zone is the most common site for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) due to active cell turnover and susceptibility to HPV-induced dysplasia.Rationale for incorrect answers

Choice D:

The internal os is the anatomical junction between the cervical canal and the uterine cavity, not a common site for precancerous changes.

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Question 2:

The acidic vaginal pH is primarily maintained by:

A. Estrogen B. Lactobacillus bacteria C. Cervical mucus D. Progesterone

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Estrogen promotes glycogen-rich epithelium but does not directly acidify the vagina; its effect is mediated through lactobacilli.

Choice B:

Lactobacillus bacteria produce lactic acid from glycogen metabolism, directly lowering vaginal pH and providing antimicrobial defense.Rationale for incorrect answers

Choice C:

Cervical mucus lubricates and protects the cervix but does not maintain vaginal pH.

Choice D:

Progesterone modulates cervical mucus and uterine environment but has no direct role in maintaining acidic vaginal pH.

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Question 3:

Which hormones are directly involved in lactation? Select all that apply:

A. Estrogen B. Progesterone C. Prolactin D. Oxytocin E. Relaxin

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Estrogen promotes ductal growth during breast development but inhibits milk secretion during pregnancy; it is not directly involved in milk production or ejection postpartum.

Choice B:

Progesterone stimulates lobuloalveolar development but, like estrogen, inhibits lactation during pregnancy; its drop after delivery allows prolactin action.

Choice C:

Prolactin directly stimulates milk synthesis in mammary alveoli by promoting transcription of milk protein genes and lactose production.

Choice D:

Oxytocin causes myoepithelial cell contraction around alveoli and ducts, ejecting milk into the nipple during suckling.Rationale for incorrect answers

Choice E:

Relaxin softens pelvic ligaments and cervical connective tissue for labor; it plays no role in milk production or ejection.

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Question 4:

What is the maximum cervical dilation during labor?

A. 5 cm B. 7 cm C. 9 cm D. 10 cm

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

5 cm represents early active labor, not maximum dilation.

Choice B:

7 cm occurs in mid-active labor but is still incomplete dilation.

Choice C:

9 cm is near-complete dilation, but delivery usually requires the full 10 cm to avoid cervical trauma.

Choice D:

Complete cervical dilation of 10 cm is required to allow the fetal head to pass through the birth canal without cervical injury.Rationale for incorrect answers

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Question 5:

Montgomery glands are located in which structure?

A. Nipple B. Areola C. Lactiferous ducts D. Suspensory ligaments

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

The nipple contains openings of lactiferous ducts but not the sebaceous Montgomery glands.

Choice B:

Montgomery glands are embedded in the areola’s dermis and open onto the skin surface as Montgomery tubercles, aiding nipple protection during lactation.Rationale for incorrect answers

Choice C:

Lactiferous ducts transport milk from mammary alveoli to the nipple; they do not contain sebaceous glands.

Choice D:

Suspensory ligaments (Cooper’s ligaments) are connective tissue structures supporting breast shape; they have no secretory or protective gland function.

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Practice Exercise 3

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