Review Practice Exercise 1

Infection Control And Asepsis > Fundamentals

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Practice Exercise 1

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Total Questions : 5

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Question 1:

A patient develops a urinary tract infection after an indwelling urinary catheter has been inserted. This would most accurately be termed as which type of infection?

A. A viral infection B. A chronic infection C. An iatrogenic infection D. An opportunistic infection

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

A viral infection describes infections caused by viruses (e.g., influenza, HIV, hepatitis). While UTIs can occasionally be viral, the majority-especially catheter-associated UTIs-are bacterial.

Choice B:

A chronic infection is one that persists over a long time (e.g., tuberculosis, hepatitis B). A catheter-associated UTI is typically acute and directly related to a procedure.

Choice C:

An iatrogenic infection includes infections from procedures, surgeries, or devices like urinary catheters. The UTI here is a direct consequence of catheter insertion, making it an iatrogenic infection.Rationale for incorrect answers:

Choice D:

An opportunistic infection occurs when normal flora cause disease in immunocompromised hosts (e.g., HIV patients developing Pneumocystis pneumonia).

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Question 2:

Your patient has developed a low-grade fever and states that she has felt very tired lately. You interpret these findings as indicating which stage of infection?

A. Incubation period B. Prodromal stage C. Full stage of illness D. Convalescent period

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Incubation period: This is the time between exposure to the pathogen and the onset of symptoms. During this stage, the patient does not feel sick and shows no outward signs of illness. Pathogens are multiplying silently.

Choice B:

Prodromal stage: This is the stage where nonspecific symptoms begin to appear-such as low-grade fever, fatigue, or general malaise. These symptoms signal that the body is starting to respond to the infection, but the illness has not yet fully developed.Rationale for incorrect answers:

Choice C:

Full stage of illness: At this stage, the person experiences characteristic symptoms specific to the disease (e.g., high fever, rash, diarrhea). This does not match the vague, mild symptoms in the question.

Choice D:

Convalescent period: This is the recovery stage after the illness has peaked. Symptoms begin to resolve, and the body gradually returns to normal. Fatigue may linger, but fever typically subsides.

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Question 3:

What type of transmission occurs when an intermediate carrier, such as a flea or mosquito, transfers an organism?

A. Vector-borne transmission B. Vehicle-born transmission C. Contact transmission D. Airborne transmission

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Vector-borne transmission occurs when a living organism, usually an arthropod such as a mosquito, flea, or tick, carries and transmits pathogens to humans. The vector plays an essential role in the life cycle of the infectious agent. Rationale for incorrect answers:

Choice B:

Vehicle-borne transmission refers to the indirect spread of infection through a non-living medium, such as contaminated food, water, blood, or surfaces (fomites).

Choice C:

Contact transmission involves the direct or indirect transfer of pathogens from one person to another. Direct contact includes touching an infected person, while indirect contact may involve touching contaminated surfaces.

Choice D:

Airborne transmission occurs when small respiratory particles (droplet nuclei) carrying pathogens remain suspended in the air and are inhaled by others.

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Question 4:

What’s the name for a laboratory-verified infection that causes no signs or symptoms?

A. Colonized B. Subclinical C. Latent D. Dormant

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Colonized: Colonization refers to the presence of microorganisms (such as bacteria) on or in a host without tissue invasion or immune response. The person may act as a carrier but not necessarily have a laboratory-verified infection, and it's not synonymous with subclinical infection.

Choice B:

Subclinical: A subclinical infection is one that is confirmed by laboratory testing but does not produce noticeable signs or symptoms in the patient. These infections can still cause immune responses and may be transmissible to others.Rationale for incorrect answers:

Choice C:

Latent: A latent infection is when the microorganism is present in the body in an inactive state and not currently causing symptoms or detectable by routine testing. However, it can reactivate.

Choice D:

Dormant: "Dormant" is more of a descriptive term than a clinical diagnosis. It implies inactivity of the pathogen but lacks the specificity of "latent" or "subclinical." It is not commonly used as a formal classification in infection terminology.

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Question 5:

Which of these statements are true regarding disinfection and cleaning? Select all that apply

A. Proper cleaning requires mechanical removal of all soil from an object or area. B. Routine environmental cleaning is an example of medical asepsis. C. When cleaning a wound, wipe around the wound edge first and then clean inward toward the center of the wound. D. Cleaning in a direction from the least to the most contaminated area helps reduce infections. E. Disinfecting and sterilizing medical devices and equipment involve the same procedures.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Proper cleaning requires mechanical removal of all soil from an object or area: Mechanical removal (e.g., scrubbing with friction) is crucial to eliminate organic material that can shield microorganisms and interfere with the effectiveness of disinfectants.

Choice B:

Routine environmental cleaning is an example of medical asepsis: Medical asepsis refers to procedures that reduce and prevent the spread of microorganisms, and routine cleaning of surfaces and equipment is a primary example. It reduces the risk of cross-contamination and infection.

Choice C:

When cleaning a wound, wipe around the wound edge first and then clean inward toward the center of the wound. The correct technique is to clean from the least contaminated area (usually the center of the wound) to the most contaminated area (the outer edge), to prevent dragging microorganisms from dirty areas into cleaner ones.

Choice D:

Cleaning in a direction from the least to the most contaminated area helps reduce infections: This is a key principle in both wound care and general cleaning. By moving from clean to dirty areas, you minimize the risk of introducing contaminants into cleaner regions, reducing the chance of infection.Rationale for incorrect answers:

Choice E:

Disinfecting and sterilizing medical devices and equipment involve the same procedures: Disinfection eliminates many pathogenic microorganisms but not necessarily all spores, while sterilization destroys all forms of microbial life, including spores.

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Practice Exercise 1

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