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Metabolic acidosis is incorrect because it is characterized by a low pH and a low HCO3, not a high PaCO2. Metabolic acidosis occurs when there is an excess of metabolic acids in the body, such as lactic acid, ketoacids, or salicylates.

Respiratory alkalosis is incorrect because it is characterized by a high pH and a low PaCO2, not a low pH and a high PaCO2. Respiratory alkalosis occurs when there is excessive loss of carbon dioxide through hyperventilation, such as in anxiety, fever, or aspirin overdose.

Metabolic alkalosis is incorrect because it is characterized by a high pH and a high HCO3, not a low pH and a high PaCO2. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when there is a loss of metabolic acids or an excess of bicarbonate in the body, such as from vomiting, gastric suctioning, or diuretic therapy.

18 mg/dL is incorrect because it is within the normal range of BUN, which is 7 to 20 mg/dL. BUN stands for blood urea nitrogen, which is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea, a waste product of protein metabolism. BUN can reflect the kidney function and hydration status of the client.

10 mg/dL is incorrect because it is also within the normal range of BUN. A low BUN level can indicate liver problems, malnutrition, or overhydration.

13 mg/dL is incorrect because it is also within the normal range of BUN. A normal BUN level does not necessarily rule out dehydration, as other factors such as diet, medications, and blood loss can affect the BUN level.

Intracellular fluid overload is incorrect because it is a condition where the fluid inside the cells exceeds the normal range. This can cause cellular swelling and dysfunction. Intracellular fluid overload can be caused by conditions such as hyponatremia, water intoxication, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
(SIADH).

Intracellular fluid deficit is incorrect because it is a condition where the fluid inside the cells is below the normal range. This can cause cellular shrinkage and dysfunction. Intracellular fluid deficit can be caused by conditions such as hypernatremia, dehydration, or diabetes insipidus.

Interstitial fluid deficit is incorrect because it is a condition where the fluid in the spaces between the cells is below the normal range. This can cause edema, impaired wound healing, and increased risk of infection. Interstitial fluid deficit can be caused by conditions such as inflammation, infection, or lymphatic obstruction.

Metabolic alkalosis is incorrect because it is characterized by a high pH and a high HCO3, not a low pH and a normal HCO3. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when there is a loss of metabolic acids or an excess of bicarbonate in the body, such as from vomiting, gastric suctioning, or diuretic therapy.

Metabolic acidosis is incorrect because it is characterized by a low pH and a low HCO3, not a low pH and a normal HCO3. Metabolic acidosis occurs when there is an excess of metabolic acids in the body, such as lactic acid, ketoacids, or salicylates.

Respiratory alkalosis is incorrect because it is characterized by a high pH and a low PaCO2, not a low pH and a high PaCO2. Respiratory alkalosis occurs when there is excessive loss of carbon dioxide through hyperventilation, such as in anxiety, fever, or aspirin overdose.

Hypertension is incorrect because it is not a common complication of hypocalcemia, which is a low level of calcium in the blood. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, can be caused by conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes, or preeclampsia.

Drug toxicity is incorrect because it is not directly related to hypocalcemia, although some drugs can affect the calcium level in the blood. For example, loop diuretics can increase the urinary excretion of calcium, while bisphosphonates can inhibit the bone resorption of calcium.

Visual disturbances is incorrect because it is not a typical manifestation of hypocalcemia, although severe hypocalcemia can affect the nervous system and cause confusion, hallucinations, or seizures. Visual disturbances can be caused by conditions such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, or diabetic retinopathy.

Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes is incorrect because it is a sign of hypocalcemia, or low calcium level, which can occur in metabolic alkalosis, not respiratory acidosis. Metabolic alkalosis is a condition where the blood pH is high and the HCO3 is high, indicating a loss of metabolic acids or an excess of bicarbonate in the body. This can cause calcium to bind to albumin and lower its availability in the blood, thus increasing the neuromuscular excitability.

Bounding peripheral pulses is incorrect because it is a sign of fluid overload, which can occur in heart failure, not respiratory acidosis. Fluid overload is a condition where the fluid volume in the body exceeds the normal range, causing edema, hypertension, and dyspnea. This can be caused by conditions such as kidney disease, liver disease, or excessive sodium intake.

Warm, flushed skin is incorrect because it is a sign of vasodilation, which can occur in respiratory alkalosis, not respiratory acidosis. Respiratory alkalosis is a condition where the blood pH is high and the PaCO2 is low, indicating excessive loss of carbon dioxide through hyperventilation. This can cause the blood vessels to dilate and increase the blood flow to the skin, thus causing warmth and redness.

Corticosteroid is incorrect because it does not directly affect the potassium level in the blood, although it can cause sodium and water retention, which can dilute the potassium concentration. Corticosteroid is a type of anti- inflammatory medication that can be used to treat conditions such as asthma, arthritis, or allergic reactions.

Narcotic is incorrect because it does not directly affect the potassium level in the blood, although it can cause respiratory depression, which can lead to respiratory acidosis and hyperkalemia, or high potassium level. Narcotic is a type of analgesic medication that can be used to treat moderate to severe pain.

Muscle relaxer is incorrect because it does not directly affect the potassium level in the blood, although it can cause muscle weakness, which can mimic the symptoms of hypokalemia. Muscle relaxer is a type of medication that can be used to treat conditions such as muscle spasms, back pain, or fibromyalgia.

Client is currently prescribed spironolactone is incorrect because spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that can cause hyperkalemia, or high potassium level, not hypokalemia, or low potassium level. Spironolactone works by blocking the action of aldosterone, which is a hormone that regulates sodium and potassium balance in the body.

Client reports drinking 3.5 to 4 L of water each day is incorrect because drinking excessive water can cause hyponatremia, or low sodium level, not hypokalemia. Hyponatremia occurs when the water intake exceeds the water output, diluting the sodium concentration in the blood.

Client has a history of alcohol abuse disorder is incorrect because alcohol abuse can cause hypomagnesemia, or low magnesium level, not hypokalemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs when there is inadequate intake or excessive loss of magnesium, which is an essential mineral for many enzymatic reactions in the body.
Hypomagnesemia can impair the secretion and action of parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium and phosphorus balance in the body.

Corticosteroid is incorrect because it does not directly affect the potassium level in the blood, although it can cause sodium and water retention, which can dilute the potassium concentration. Corticosteroid is a type of anti- inflammatory medication that can be used to treat conditions such as asthma, arthritis, or allergic reactions.

Narcotic is incorrect because it does not directly affect the potassium level in the blood, although it can cause respiratory depression, which can lead to respiratory acidosis and hyperkalemia, or high potassium level. Narcotic is a type of analgesic medication that can be used to treat moderate to severe pain.

Muscle relaxer is incorrect because it does not directly affect the potassium level in the blood, although it can cause muscle weakness, which can mimic the symptoms of hypokalemia. Muscle relaxer is a type of medication that can be used to treat conditions such as muscle spasms, back pain, or fibromyalgia.

Sodium 155 mEq/L is correct because it indicates hypernatremia, or high sodium level, which can occur in fluid volume deficit due to dehydration, excessive sweating, or diuretic therapy. Sodium is an electrolyte that regulates fluid balance and osmotic pressure in the body. The normal range of sodium is 135 to 145 mEq/L.

Hematocrit 44% is incorrect because it is within the normal range of hematocrit, which is the percentage of red blood cells in the blood. Hematocrit can reflect the oxygen-carrying capacity and viscosity of the blood. The normal range of hematocrit is 37% to 47% for females and 42% to 52% for males.

BUN 19 mg/dL is incorrect because it is within the normal range of BUN, which stands for blood urea nitrogen, and is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea, a waste product of protein metabolism. BUN can reflect the kidney function and hydration status of the client. The normal range of BUN is 7 to 20 mg/dL.