The correct answer is Choice A.

Choice A rationale: The nurse-manager’s process for IV insertions on a surgical unit is an example ofEvidence-based practice. Evidence-based practice (EBP) is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. In this case, the nurse-manager is using the findings from several multi-institutional studies as the basis for their decision to require RNs to cleanse all peripheral insertion sites with both alcohol and an iodine-based cleanser before starting an IV. This practice was adopted because the studies found a statistically significant decrease in IV-related septicaemia rates for surgical clients when both alcohol and iodine were used as cleansers as compared with those who had alcohol-only cleansing prior to IV insertions. This is a clear example of using current best evidence to guide practice, which is the essence of EBP.

Choice B rationale: While standards-related processes are important in healthcare, they are not the primary focus in this scenario. Standards-related processes typically involve following established guidelines or protocols that have been set by a governing body or institution. In this case, the nurse-manager is not simply following a standard process, but is instead using evidence from research to inform their practice. Therefore, this is not the best answer.

Choice C rationale: Theory-based practice involves using nursing theories to guide care and practice. While theories can be used in conjunction with evidence-based practice, the nurse-manager in this scenario is not explicitly using a nursing theory to guide their decision-making process. Instead, they are using evidence from research studies. Therefore, this is not the best answer.

Choice D rationale: Outcome-oriented processes focus on the results or outcomes of care. While the nurse-manager is certainly interested in improving outcomes (in this case, reducing IV-related septicaemia rates), the focus in this scenario is more on the use of evidence to guide practice rather than on the outcomes themselves. Therefore, this is not the best answer.

Articles describing findings from peer-reviewed research studies are the most current and relevant source of information for the nursing staff who want to conduct a study aimed at reducing the rate of nosocomial infections on their unit. Peer-reviewed research studies are original investigations that have been evaluated and approved by experts in the field before publication. They provide the most reliable and valid evidence for nursing practice and research. They also help the nursing staff to identify gaps in knowledge, formulate research questions, design appropriate methods, and interpret results.

The other options are not correct because:

Medical-surgical nursing textbooks published within the past year may provide some general information about nosocomial infections and their prevention, but they are not the most current and relevant source of information for the nursing staff who want to conduct a study. Textbooks are often based on summaries of existing literature and may not reflect the latest evidence or innovations in practice. They also may not address the specific problem or population of interest for the nursing staff.

Hospital infection commitee meeting minutes from the past six months may provide some information about the current policies and procedures related to nosocomial infections in the hospital, but they are not the most current and relevant source of information for the nursing staff who want to conduct a study. Meeting minutes are often brief and incomplete records of discussions and decisions that may not capture the rationale or evidence behind them. They also may not address the specific problem or population of interest for the nursing staff.

Best practice recommendations from trusted professional webpages may provide some information about the current standards and guidelines for nosocomial infection prevention and control, but they are not the most current and relevant source of information for the nursing staff who want to conduct a study. Best practice recommendations are often based on systematic reviews or consensus statements that synthesize existing evidence and expert opinions. They may not reflect the most recent or emerging evidence or innovations in practice. They also may not address the specific problem or population of interest for the nursing staff.

A. Discussion.
This is incorrect. The discussion section interprets the findings, explains their significance, and connects them to the broader context of the study. While this sentence describes findings, it does not analyze or interpret them, which would be characteristic of the discussion section.

B. Review of the literature.
This is incorrect. The review of the literature summarizes existing research and provides a foundation for the current study. This sentence reports new findings from the study, not prior research.

C. Methodology.
This is incorrect. The methodology section describes how the study was conducted, including details about participants, procedures, and data collection methods. It does not report findings.

D. Results.
This is correct. The results section presents the data and findings of the study without interpretation. The sentence describes a pattern of distress levels over time, which is a direct presentation of the study's findings.

The most important action for the nurse to take using this research is to determine if any of the studies reviewed by the authors used a junior high school population. This is because the nurse needs to assess the applicability and relevance of the research findings to the specific target population and setting of the anti- smoking campaign. If none of the studies reviewed by the authors used a junior high school population, then the nurse may need to look for other sources of evidence that are more appropriate and valid for this population. The nurse also needs to consider other factors, such as the quality, consistency, and currency of the evidence, as well as the feasibility and acceptability of the interventions.

Identify the primary attitudinal factors that the authors described as protecting against smoking. This is an important action for the nurse to take using this research, but it is not the most important one. The nurse needs to identify the primary attitudinal factors that can help determine effective interventions that reduce smoking among youth, but these factors may not be applicable or relevant to the junior high school population. The nurse needs to first determine if any of the studies reviewed by the authors used a junior high school population before applying their findings.

Contact the authors and ask for their assistance in developing a curriculum for the anti-smoking campaign. This is an unnecessary and unrealistic action for the nurse to take using this research. The nurse does not need to contact the authors and ask for their assistance in developing a curriculum for the anti- smoking campaign, because this is beyond the scope and responsibility of the authors. The nurse can use their research findings as one source of evidence, but they also need to use their own clinical judgment, expertise, and knowledge of the local context and resources to develop a curriculum that is suitable and effective for the junior high school population.

Review the article to determine if institutional review board approval was obtained prior to conducting the study. This is an irrelevant action for the nurse to take using this research. The nurse does not need to review the article to determine if institutional review board approval was obtained prior to conducting the study, because this is not related to the purpose or content of the research. Institutional review board approval is a process that ensures that research involving human subjects is conducted ethically and protects their rights and welfare. It is not a criterion for evaluating or applying research findings to practice.

Qualitative research is the most likely research design for this study. Qualitative research is a type of research that explores and describes the meanings, experiences, and perspectives of human phenomena. Qualitative research does not aim to test hypotheses or measure variables, but rather to generate rich and in-depth data that can be analyzed using various methods, such as thematic analysis, content analysis, or grounded theory. Qualitative research often uses purposive or convenience sampling, which means that the researcher selects participants who can provide relevant and diverse information about the phenomenon of interest. Qualitative research also often uses an iterative or emergent design, which means that the researcher adjusts the research questions, methods, and sampling strategies as the data collection and analysis progress. Therefore, it is possible that the number of subjects in a qualitative study increased between the time the study was begun and the date the researcher concluded the data collection, as the researcher may have identified new or additional participants who could contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon.

Quasi-experimental research is a type of research that examines the effects of an intervention or treatment on an outcome variable using a non-randomized or pre-existing group design. Quasi- experimental research aims to test hypotheses and measure variables using statistical analysis, such as analysis of variance or regression. Quasi-experimental research usually uses fixed or predetermined sampling and design strategies, which means that the researcher decides the number and characteristics of participants and groups before starting the data collection. Therefore, it is unlikely that the number of subjects in a quasi-experimental study increased between the time the study was begun and the date the researcher concluded the data collection, as this would compromise the validity and reliability of the study.

Experimental research is a type of research that examines the effects of an intervention or treatment on an outcome variable using a randomized controlled trial design. Experimental research aims to test hypotheses and measure variables using statistical analysis, such as analysis of variance or regression. Experimental research usually uses fixed or predetermined sampling and design strategies, which means that the researcher decides the number and characteristics of participants and groups before starting the data collection. Therefore, it is unlikely that the number of subjects in an experimental study increased

between the time the study was begun and the date the researcher concluded the data collection, as this would compromise the validity and reliability of the study.

Quantitative research is a broad term that encompasses both quasi-experimental and experimental research, as well as other types of research that use numerical data and statistical analysis to answer research questions. Quantitative research usually uses fixed or predetermined sampling and design strategies, which means that the researcher decides the number and characteristics of participants and groups before starting the data collection. Therefore, it is unlikely that the number of subjects in a quantitative study increased between the time the study was begun and the date the researcher concluded the data collection, as this would compromise the validity and reliability of the study.

The independent variable is the characteristic of a research statement that is missing in this statement. The independent variable is the variable that the researcher manipulates or controls to examine its effect on the dependent variable. The dependent variable is the variable that the researcher measures or observes to evaluate the outcome of the intervention or treatment. A research statement should clearly identify both the independent and dependent variables being investigated, as well as the population being studied and the possibility of empirical testing. In this statement, the dependent variables are cultural sensitivity and cultural self-efficacy, and the population being studied is implied to be nursing students or nurses who participate in short-term, cultural immersion, clinical experiences. However, the independent variable is not explicitly stated. It could be the type, duration, or intensity of the cultural immersion, clinical experiences, or a comparison group that does not receive such experiences. The other options are not correct because: A) Population being studied is not missing in this statement. The population being studied is implied to be nursing students or nurses who participate in short-term, cultural immersion, clinical experiences. Although it could be more specific and include the characteristics or criteria of the population, such as age, gender, education level, or ethnicity, it is not completely absent from the statement. B) Identification of variables being investigated is not missing in this statement. The variables being investigated are cultural sensitivity and cultural self-efficacy, which are clearly stated in the statement. These are the dependent variables that the researcher measures or observes to evaluate the outcome of the intervention or treatment. C) Possibility of empirical testing is not missing in this statement. The possibility of empirical testing is implied by the use of words such as "evaluate" and "effect change", which suggest that the researcher intends to collect and analyze data to answer the research question. Empirical testing means that the research question can be answered using objective and systematic methods of observation and measurement.

Stratified random sampling is the type of sampling method that the researcher should choose to best answer the study question. Stratified random sampling is a type of probability sampling technique that involves dividing the population into homogeneous subgroups or strata based on a relevant characteristic or variable, and then selecting a random sample from each stratum using simple random sampling or systematic sampling. The proportion of participants from each stratum can be proportional or disproportional to their representation in the population. Stratified random sampling ensures that each subgroup or stratum is adequately represented in the sample, and that the sample is more representative and generalizable to the population. In this study question, the researcher wants to compare the adherence to a daily exercise regimen between clients discharged in warmer months and those discharged in colder months from a postoperative orthopedic unit. Therefore, the researcher can use stratified random sampling to divide the population of clients discharged from the orthopedic unit after joint replacement surgery during the past 12 months into two strata based on the season of discharge (warmer months or colder months), and then select a random sample from each stratum using simple random sampling or systematic sampling.


The other options are not correct because:

Quota sampling is a type of non-probability or convenience sampling technique that involves selecting participants who meet certain criteria or quotas until the desired sample size or proportion is reached. Quota sampling does not ensure that each participant has an equal chance of being selected, and that the sample is representative and generalizable to the population. In this study question, quota sampling would not be appropriate because it would not guarantee that the clients discharged in warmer months and those discharged in colder months are randomly and representatively selected from the population.

True random sampling is a type of probability sampling technique that involves selecting participants from a list or population using a random number generator or table. True random sampling ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being selected, and that the sample is representative and generalizable to the population. However, true random sampling does not ensure that each subgroup or stratum is adequately represented in the sample, and that the sample is more representative and generalizable to the population. In this study question, true random sampling would not be appropriate because it would not guarantee that the clients discharged in warmer months and those discharged in colder months are equally and proportionally represented in the sample.

Convenience sampling is a type of non-probability or convenience sampling technique that involves selecting participants who are easily available and accessible to the researcher. Convenience sampling does not ensure that each participant has an equal chance of being selected, and that the sample is representative and generalizable to the population. In this study question, convenience sampling would not be appropriate because it would not guarantee that the clients discharged in warmer months and those discharged in colder months are randomly and representatively selected from the population.