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Choice B is wrong because our understanding of both anatomy and physiology is constantly changing as new discoveries are made in the field of biology.

Choice C is wrong because body parts take up space regardless of their physiological functions.

Choice D is wrong because physiological functions are not limited to an organism, but can also occur at the cellular, tissue, organ, and system levels.

Choice A is wrong because mineralocorticoids are hormones that the adrenal cortex secretes, not the adrenal medulla.
They help regulate the balance of sodium and potassium in the body.

Choice C is wrong because glucocorticoids are also hormones that the adrenal cortex secretes, not the adrenal medulla.
They help control the body’s use of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, suppress inflammation, and regulate blood pressure and blood sugar.

Choice D is wrong because aldosterone is a specific type of mineralocorticoid that the adrenal cortex secretes, not the adrenal medulla.
It helps regulate the balance of sodium and water in the body.

Choice A is wrong because lymphocytes are not phagocytes, but rather immune cells that mediate adaptive immunity by producing antibodies or killing infected cells.

Choice B is wrong because cytokines are not cells, but rather soluble molecules that regulate inflammation and immunity by acting as signals between cells.

Choice C is wrong because mast cells are not primarily involved in clearing cell debris, but rather in allergic reactions and innate immunity by releasing histamine and other mediators.

Choice B is wrong because a basophil is a type of granular white blood cell that has a lobed nucleus and stains purple with basic dyes.
Basophils are involved in allergic reactions and inflammation.

Choice C is wrong because a neutrophil is a type of granular white blood cell that has a multilobed nucleus and stains pale pink with neutral dyes.
Neutrophils are involved in phagocytosis and killing bacteria.

Choice D is wrong because an eosinophil is a type of granular white blood cell that has a bilobed nucleus and stains red-orange with acidic dyes.
Eosinophils are involved in combating parasitic infections and allergic responses. The normal ranges of different types of blood cells are:
Red blood cells: 4.5 to 5.9 million per microliter (mcL) for males, 4.1 to 5.1 million per mcL for females
White blood cells: 4,000 to 11,000 per mcL for both males and females
Platelets: 150,000 to 450,000 per mcL for both males and females

Choice A is wrong because basophils are granulocytes that have a lobed nucleus and dark blue or purple granules in the cytoplasm.
Basophils are involved in inflammatory responses and histamine release.

Choice B is wrong because lymphocytes are agranulocytes that have a large round nucleus and a thin rim of cytoplasm.
Lymphocytes are involved in immune responses and produce antibodies.

Choice D is wrong because monocytes are agranulocytes that have a kidney-shaped nucleus and a pale blue cytoplasm.
Monocytes are involved in phagocytosis and tissue repair.

Choice A is wrong because eosinophils are not the least common type of leukocyte.
Eosinophils are another type of white blood cell that is involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections.
They typically make up about 1-6% of the total leukocyte count.

Choice B is wrong because monocytes are not the least common type of leukocyte.
Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells, which are important for phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
They typically make up about 2-10% of the total leukocyte count.

Choice D is wrong because neutrophils are not the least common type of leukocyte.
Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that are the first responders to bacterial infections and tissue damage.
They typically make up about 55-70% of the total leukocyte count.

Capillary is wrong because capillaries are very thin and narrow vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and the tissues.
Capillaries have a very small volume compared to veins.

An arteriole is wrong because arterioles are small branches of arteries that regulate blood pressure and blood flow to the capillaries.
Arterioles have a higher resistance and lower volume than veins.

An artery is wrong because arteries are thick and muscular vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
Arteries have a higher pressure and lower volume than veins.
Normal ranges for blood volume vary depending on age, sex, weight, and health status, but generally range from 4 to 6 liters for adults.

Choice A is wrong because pericardium is the sac that surrounds the heart and consists of two layers: the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium.

Choice C is wrong because myocardium is the thick middle layer of muscle that allows the heart chambers to contract and relax to pump blood to the body.

Choice D is wrong because epicardium is another name for the visceral layer of the serous pericardium that is fused to the heart and is part of the heart wall.

Choice A is wrong because it reverses the order of organelles and cells. Organelles are subcellular structures that perform specific functions within cells.
Cells are the basic units of life that can carry out all the processes of living organisms.

Choice B is wrong because it reverses the order of tissues and organelles. Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a common function. Organelles are more basic than tissues and are found within cells.

Choice D is wrong because it reverses the order of organs and organelles.
Organs are structures composed of two or more types of tissues that perform a specific function or function.
Organelles are more basic than organs and are found within cells.

Choice A is wrong because increasing heart rate and force of contraction when blood pressure falls is a negative feedback loop that restores blood pressure to normal.

Choice B is wrong because secreting insulin after a meal to return blood sugar concentration toward normal is a negative feedback loop that regulates glucose levels.

Choice D is wrong because shivering when body temperature falls below normal is a negative feedback loop that increases heat production and raises body temperature.
Normal ranges for blood pressure are 90/60 mmHg to 120/80 mmHg, for blood glucose, are 70 mg/dL to 140 mg/dL, and for body temperature are 36.5°C to 37.5°C or 97.7°F to 99.5°F.