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This is the most critical and first-line priority in managing DIC. DIC is not a primary disease but a complication of conditions such as sepsis, trauma, malignancy, or obstetric emergencies (e.g., placental abruption). The widespread activation of the clotting cascade will continue unless the trigger is removed. For example, administering antibiotics for sepsis or delivering the placenta in obstetric cases directly addresses the root cause. Without this step, supportive treatments alone will be ineffective.

Although it may seem counterintuitive in a condition associated with bleeding, heparin can be used in selected cases of DIC, particularly when thrombotic manifestations predominate (e.g., digital ischemia, organ dysfunction from microthrombi, or chronic DIC). Heparin works by inhibiting further clot formation, thereby reducing consumption of clotting factors and platelets. However, it is used cautiously and is generally avoided in patients with severe active bleeding. This makes it a situational but appropriate intervention.

Patients with DIC are at high risk for hypovolemia and shock due to bleeding and capillary leakage. Isotonic fluids like lactated Ringer’s help maintain intravascular volume, blood pressure, and organ perfusion. Adequate fluid resuscitation is essential to prevent complications such as acute kidney injury and multi-organ failure. This is a key supportive therapy.

In DIC, clotting factors are rapidly consumed, leading to coagulopathy and bleeding. FFP contains all clotting factors and is administered to replace depleted factors, correct prolonged PT/INR and aPTT, and help control bleeding. It is especially indicated in patients with active bleeding or those at high risk for bleeding.

Adequate hydration is a primary preventive measure in hyperparathyroidism. High calcium levels increase renal calcium excretion but can also promote calcium stone formation if fluid intake is insufficient. Drinking 2–3 liters of water daily, unless contraindicated, helps dilute urinary calcium and reduce the risk of kidney stones. Hydration also helps prevent the dehydration that often accompanies hypercalcemia due to polyuria.

Hypercalcemia can cause polyuria, nausea, vomiting, and weakness, all of which increase the risk of dehydration. The nurse should assess skin turgor, mucous membranes, blood pressure, heart rate, and daily weight to detect fluid loss early. Timely detection allows for prompt interventions such as oral or IV fluid replacement, reducing complications such as hypotension or acute kidney injury.

Laboratory monitoring is essential for tracking disease progression and evaluating treatment effectiveness. Key labs include serum calcium, phosphate, PTH, creatinine, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels. Frequent monitoring allows clinicians to adjust interventions, such as recommending surgery or pharmacologic treatment (e.g., bisphosphonates or calcimimetics), before severe complications occur.

In primary hyperparathyroidism, PTH increases calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion, leading to hypophosphatemia. Encouraging foods higher in phosphorus (e.g., meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and some whole grains) can help balance calcium-phosphate levels, reduce hypercalcemia complications, and support bone health.

Ibuprofen is an NSAID, which can irritate the stomach lining and increase the risk of gastritis or ulcers. Taking it with food, milk, or antacids helps reduce GI irritation.

Acetaminophen is not an NSAID and does not affect platelet function or the GI mucosa. It is generally safer for patients at risk of GI bleeding or those who require normal coagulation.

NSAIDs like ibuprofen can cause GI bleeding, so patients should be instructed to report symptoms such as dark/tarry stools, vomiting blood, or abdominal pain.

Monitoring vital signs helps detect early signs of internal bleeding, such as tachycardia or hypotension. Observing the progression of bruising and joint swelling is essential to assess bleeding severity and prevent complications like hemarthrosis or joint damage.

Administration of the specific clotting factor (Factor VIII or IX, depending on type) is the primary treatment for preventing or controlling bleeding episodes in hemophilia. Early replacement can reduce joint damage and manage pain associated with hemarthrosis.

This question directly assesses Provocation/Palliation, which identifies factors that trigger, exacerbate, or relieve pain. For example, certain movements, positions, environmental stimuli, or medications may worsen or improve pain. Knowing these details allows the nurse to recommend activity modifications, preventative strategies, and individualized interventions to manage pain effectively.

This question assesses Provocation by identifying the activity, event, or situation that initiated the pain. For example, the pain may occur after physical activity, certain movements, eating specific foods, or exposure to stress. Understanding this helps the nurse implement preventive strategies, adjust activity recommendations, and plan interventions to reduce future episodes.

This is a critical safety step. The nurse must verify the right patient, blood type, Rh factor, unit number, and expiration date with another qualified professional. This helps prevent life-threatening transfusion reactions, making this correct.

This is one of the most essential steps in preventing hemolytic transfusion reactions, which can be fatal. Proper compatibility verification is mandatory before starting the transfusion. Therefore, this is correct.

Informed consent is a legal and ethical requirement before administering blood products. The nurse must ensure that consent has been obtained and documented. Therefore, this is correct.