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increase in number: Cardiac myocytes in the adult are largely terminally differentiated, so they do not appreciably multiply (hyperplasia) in response to increased workload.

increase in excitability: Increased workload causes structural and functional adaptation (hypertrophy) rather than a primary increase in membrane excitability; excitability changes are more a feature of pathological electrical remodeling.

decrease in length: Cells do not shorten as an adaptive response to increased workload; they grow (change in size/shape) rather than decrease in length.

latent: Latent means hidden or in an incubation/dormant phase (no/minimal symptoms), not a rapidly symptomatic illness.

chronic: Chronic refers to long-lasting or recurrent conditions, not short-term, rapidly severe illness.

secondary: Secondary describes an illness that results from or follows another condition - it’s a causal qualifier, not a time-course descriptor.

manifestation: A manifestation is a sign or symptom of disease, not a type of illness itself.

Macrophages: Macrophages are tissue-resident immune cells and are not normally present free in stool; their presence suggests mucosal inflammation or shedding.

Parasites: Parasites in stool indicate infection/infestation and are not normal (they are abnormal/pathologic when present).

Blood: Blood in stool signifies GI bleeding and is not normal.

Bacteria: Bacteria are a normal and abundant component of feces (normal gut flora).

hemorrhagic: Hemorrhagic exudate is rich in red blood cells and suggests vascular rupture - not the typical dominant exudate in a simple abscess.

serous: Serous (watery, low-protein) exudate occurs in mild inflammation or blisters, not in pus-filled abscesses.

fibrinous: Fibrinous exudate (fibrin-rich) occurs in severe inflammation of serous surfaces (e.g., pericarditis) but an abscess is primarily purulent.

Scurvy: Scurvy is vitamin C deficiency - an example of a nutritional deficiency.

Kwashiorkor: Kwashiorkor is severe protein (and overall protein-energy) deficiency - an example of nutritional deficiency.

Obesity: Obesity is excess caloric/nutrient storage (over-nutrition), not a deficiency.

Lymphocytes - adaptive immunity: Lymphocytes (B and T cells) are the principal cells of adaptive (specific) immunity, providing targeted responses and immunologic memory.

Inflammation - non specific defence: Inflammation is part of the non-specific (innate) defense mechanisms that act broadly against injury/infection.

Inflammation - innate immunity: True - inflammation is a hallmark of innate immunity.

lipids: A decrease in intracellular lipids is not the defining feature of muscular atrophy; atrophy primarily involves loss of contractile proteins and cell components rather than selective lipid loss.

vacuoles: Loss of vacuoles is not characteristic or diagnostic of muscle atrophy.

number: A decrease in cell number describes cell loss (e.g., apoptosis, necrosis), not atrophy; atrophy is a reduction in size of existing cells.

blood cultures - leukocytes - creatinine: Blood cultures and creatinine are not part of a CBC; leukocyte count is, but the other two are different tests.

Platelets - leukocytes - blood cultures: Platelets and leukocytes are CBC components; blood cultures are microbiology tests, not part of the CBC.

hemoglobin - hematocrit - creatinine: Hemoglobin and hematocrit are CBC components, but creatinine is a chemistry test (not CBC).

triglycerides - lymphocytes - electrolytes: Triglycerides and electrolytes are detected by chemistry tests, but lymphocytes are reported in a CBC (hematology), not a standard chemistry panel.

thyroid levels - CBC - glucose: Thyroid levels and glucose can be chemistry tests, but CBC is a hematology test (not a plasma chemistry measurement).

platelets - BUN - glucose: BUN and glucose are chemistry values, but platelets are part of the CBC (hematology), not chemistry.