“Maybe it’s just caused by aging. This usually happens by age 82.”: While cognitivedecline can be a normal part of aging, delirium is not a normal part of aging and is characterized by an acute change in mental status.

“Dad has always been so independent. He’s lived alone for years since mom died.”: While this statement may be relevant to the client’s overall health status, it does not support the diagnosis or definition of delirium.

“Dad just didn’t seem to know what he was doing. He would forget what he had for breakfast.”: While this statement may be relevant to the client’s overall health status, it does not support the diagnosis or definition of delirium.

Stress reaction: The stress reaction is a physiological response to stress that involves the release of hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. It does not have any role in controlling motor pathways.

Involuntary muscles: Involuntary muscles are muscles that are not under conscious control, such as the muscles of the heart and digestive system. They are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, not the motor pathway.

Parasympathetic, III: Cranial nerve III is the oculomotor nerve which is responsible for controlling the movement of the eye and eyelid. It does not have any role in slowing the heart rate, constricting the airway, and stimulating digestion.

Sympathetic, V: Cranial nerve V is the trigeminal nerve which is responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. It does not have any role in slowing the heart rate, constricting the airway, and stimulating digestion.

Sympathetic. VII: Cranial nerve VII is the facial nerve which is responsible for facial expressions and taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. It does not have any role in slowing the heart rate, constricting the airway, and stimulating digestion.

Epidural hematoma: An epidural hematoma is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs when blood builds up between the outer layer of the brain and the skull.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage: A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of stroke that occurs when blood accumulates in the space between the brain and the thin tissue that covers the brain.

Concussion: A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury that can occur after an impact to your head or after a whiplash-type injury that causes your head and brain to shake quickly back and forth.

Central nervous system: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Somatic nervous system: The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements and the reception of external stimuli.

Peripheral nervous system: The peripheral nervous system consists of all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

Balance and equilibrium: Damage to the cerebellum can cause problems with balance and coordination.

Visual acuity: Damage to the occipital lobe can cause problems with visual acuity.

Thinking and Reasoning: Damage to the frontal lobe can cause problems with thinking and reasoning.

Both Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine: Postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division are adrenergic and use norepinephrine (also called noradrenalin) as a neurotransmitter. By contrast, postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division are cholinergic and use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.

Arginine: Arginine is an amino acid that is important for many bodily functions, including wound healing, immune function, and hormone secretion.

Acetylcholine: Postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division are cholinergic and use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.

Epidural hematoma: An epidural hematoma is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in which a buildup of blood occurs between the dura mater (the tough outer membrane of the central nervous system) and the skull. It is usually caused by a blow to the head.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage: A subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding in the area between your brain and the thin tissues that cover it. It can be caused by a ruptured aneurysm, trauma to the head, or other conditions.

Concussion: A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury that usually happens after a blow to the head. It can also occur with violent shaking and movement of the head or body.

Extent of intracranial bleeding: An electroencephalogram (EEG) is not used to measure the extent of intracranial bleeding.

Percent of functional brain tissue: An electroencephalogram (EEG) is not used to measure the percent of functional brain tissue.

Sites of brain injury: An electroencephalogram (EEG) is not used to measure sites of brain injury.

Retrograde amnesia (RA): This is a type of memory loss that occurs when someone is unable to remember events that occurred before an amnesia-inducing event. For example, someone with RA may forget events that occurred before a traumatic brain injury.

Imaging Processing: This is the process of analyzing and manipulating images using computer algorithms. It is not related to memory loss.

Working Memory: This is a type of short-term memory that allows someone to hold information in their mind for a short period of time. It is not related to the inability to form new memories.

Intractable pain: Intractable pain is a type of pain that is difficult to manage or control.

Phantom pain: Phantom pain is a type of pain that is perceived in a body part that has been amputated or removed.

Aftermath of pain: “Aftermath of pain” is not a commonly used term in healthcare and does not describe the phenomenon of pain being perceived in a location other than the site of the painful stimulus.

REM: During REM sleep, your muscles are paralyzed and you don’t experience muscle jerking.

Stage 4 NREM: Stage 4 NREM is no longer considered a separate stage of sleep.

Stage 2 NREM: During stage 2 NREM, your brain produces bursts of rapid, rhythmic brainwave activity known as sleep spindles. Your body temperature drops and your heart rate slows down. Muscle jerking is more likely to occur in stages 1 or 2 of sleep.

Pain is an objective sign of a more serious problem: Pain is a subjective experience and is not always an objective sign of a more serious problem.

Pain sensation is affected by a client’s anticipation of pain: Pain sensation can be affected by a client’s anticipation of pain, but this does not necessarily indicate that the client understands the concept of pain.

Psychological factors rarely contribute to a client’s pain perception: Psychological factors can contribute to a client’s pain perception, so this statement is not accurate.

“Watch him for keyhole pupil the next 24 hours.”: A keyhole pupil is not a common symptom of head injury and is not an appropriate instruction for the client’s mother.

“Wake him every hour and assess his orientation to person, time and place.”: This is not an appropriate instruction for the client’s mother. The client should be allowed to rest and sleep as needed.

“Expect profuse vomiting for 24 hours after the injury.”: Profuse vomiting is not a common symptom of head injury and is not an appropriate instruction for the client’s mother.

“Both taste and smell are involved in the sensation of flavor.”: Taste and smell work together to create the sensation of flavor. Taste refers to the five basic tastes (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami), while smell refers to the aromas that are detected by the olfactory receptors in the nose.

“Both smell and touch are involved in the sensation of flavor.”: Touch is not involved in the sensation of flavor.

“Both sight and smell are involved in the sensation of flavor.”: Sight is not involved in the sensation of flavor.

Loss of auditory neurons: As people age, they may experience a loss of auditory neurons. This can lead to a decreased ability to hear high-frequency sounds.

Loss of cortical auditory neurons: As people age, they may experience a loss of cortical auditory neurons. This can lead to a decreased ability to process complex sounds.

Decreased vascularity: As people age, there may be a decrease in blood flow to the cochlea. This can lead to a decreased ability to hear low-frequency sounds.

Delirium: Delirium is a state of confusion that can occur suddenly and is often associated with an underlying medical condition.

Disorientation: Disorientation is a state of confusion in which a person is unable to recognize their surroundings or their own identity.

Dysphasia: Dysphasia is a language disorder that affects a person’s ability to communicate effectively. People with dysphasia may have difficulty speaking, understanding language, reading, or writing.

Sensory Inattentiveness: Sensory inattentiveness is a condition in which a person is unable to attend to or process sensory information from one side of their body or one side of their environment.

Extinction: Extinction is a condition in which a person is unable to perceive or respond to sensory information from one side of their body or one side of their environment when presented with competing stimuli.

Attention-deficit: Attention-deficit is a condition in which a person has difficulty paying attention and may be easily distracted.

Locked-in syndrome: Locked-in syndrome is a condition in which a person is aware and awake but cannot move or communicate due to complete paralysis of all voluntary muscles except for the eyes.

Paralysis: Paralysis is a loss of muscle function in part of your body. It can be caused by damage to the nerves that control the muscles or by damage to the muscles themselves.

Brain death: Brain death is the irreversible loss of all brain function, including the brainstem. People who are brain dead are considered legally dead.

Reduction in the size of the lens: This is not considered a change caused by aging. The size of the lens does not decrease with age.

Thickening of the lens: This is considered a change caused by aging. As we age, the lens of the eye can harden and thicken, causing presbyopia, a condition where the eye loses its ability to focus on close-up images.

Decrease in opacity: This is not considered a change caused by aging. The opacity of the lens does not decrease with age.