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Increasing fluid intake by 25% to prevent dehydration is not necessary for a newborn receiving phototherapy.The newborn should be fed on demand or according to a regular schedule and monitored for signs of dehydration such as poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, sunken fontanels, and decreased urine output.

Applying lotion or oil to the newborn’s skin to prevent drying is not recommended for a newborn receiving phototherapy.Lotion or oil can increase the absorption of light and cause skin burns.

Turning off the phototherapy lights during feedings is not advised for a newborn receiving phototherapy.The lights should be on continuously to maximize the effectiveness of the treatment and reduce the duration of exposure.

Warming the formula in a microwave oven can create hot spots that can burn the baby’s mouth.The formula should be warmed by running it under warm tap water or placing it in a bowl of warm water.

Discarding any unused formula after 2 hours at room temperature is too long.Bacteria can grow rapidly in warm milk that is left sitting out and unused.The formula should be discarded after one hour at room temperature or within 24 hours if refrigerated.

Burping the newborn after finishing each ounce of formula is not necessary.Burping can interrupt the feeding and make the baby lose interest in finishing the bottle.The baby should be burped only when they show signs of discomfort or after finishing the feeding.

Serum calcium level of 8 mg/dL is below the normal range for a newborn, which is 8.5-10.6 mg/dL for the first month.

Calcium is important for bone health and muscle function.

Serum bilirubin level of 15 mg/dL is above the normal range for a newborn, which is less than 12 mg/dL for the first week.

Bilirubin is a waste product from the breakdown of red blood cells.

High levels can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes.

Serum sodium level of 130 mEq/L is below the normal range for a newborn, which is 135-145 mEq/L.

Sodium is an electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance and nerve impulses.

Drinking fluids with meals rather than between meals will increase the volume of food that enters the small intestine and worsen dumping syndrome symptoms.Fluids should be consumed at least 30 minutes after a meal.

Increasing intake of simple carbohydrates such as fruit juice will cause a rapid rise and fall of blood sugar levels, leading to late dumping syndrome symptoms such as sweating, hunger, low blood sugar, fatigue, dizziness and weakness.Simple carbohydrates should be avoided and replaced with complex carbohydrates such as whole grains, fruits and vegetables.

Avoiding foods that are high in fat and protein will not help prevent dumping syndrome.In fact, fat and protein can slow down gastric emptying and stabilize blood sugar levels.A moderate amount of fat and protein should be included in each meal.However, too much fat at one time can have the opposite effect and trigger dumping syndrome symptoms.

Liver and onions with mashed potatoes is wrong because liver is an organ meat that is high in purines and should be avoided by people with gout.

Roast beef with green beans and rice is wrong because roast beef is a red meat that is high in purines and should be limited by people with gout.

Sardines on whole wheat crackers with cheese is wrong because sardines are a type of oily fish that is high in purines and should be avoided by people with gout.

Iron supplements are not necessary for breastfeeding mothers unless they have anemia.Iron supplements can also cause constipation and stomach upset in some women.

Dairy products are not harmful for breastfeeding mothers or their infants unless there is a history of allergy or intolerance.Dairy products can provide calcium, protein and vitamin D for the mother and the infant.

Infants should not be given any solid foods before 6 months of age, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics.Introducing solids too early can interfere with breastfeeding, increase the risk of allergies and infections, and cause choking or aspiration.

30 mLis too little for a newborn who weighs 3 kg.

This would only provide about10 ounces (300 mL) of formula per day, which is not enough for adequate growth and development.

60 mLis also too little for a newborn who weighs 3 kg.

This would only provide about20 ounces (600 mL) of formula per day, which is still below the recommended amount.

120 mLis too much for a newborn who weighs 3 kg.This would provide about40 ounces (1200 mL) of formula per day, which is more than the maximum amount of32 ouncesthat most babies need before they start solids.

Overfeeding can cause problems such as spitting up, gas, and obesity.

Breasts are firm with mild tenderness or leakage is wrong because it suggests that lactation is still occurring and the woman may need to express some milk for comfort or use other non-pharmacological methods to suppress it.

Breasts are hard with moderate pain or leakage is wrong because it indicates that the woman is suffering from breast engorgement, which can lead to mastitis if not treated.The woman may need pharmacological intervention to suppress lactation and relieve pain.

Breasts are swollen with severe pain or leakage is wrong because it shows that the woman has developed mastitis, which is a bacterial infection of the breast tissue that requires antibiotics and analgesics.The woman may also need to drain the infected breast by expressing milk or using a pump.

Breasts are firm with mild tenderness or leakage is wrong because it suggests that lactation is still occurring and the woman may need to express some milk for comfort or use other non-pharmacological methods to suppress it.

Breasts are hard with moderate pain or leakage is wrong because it indicates that the woman is suffering from breast engorgement, which can lead to mastitis if not treated.The woman may need pharmacological intervention to suppress lactation and relieve pain.

Breasts are swollen with severe pain or leakage is wrong because it shows that the woman has developed mastitis, which is a bacterial infection of the breast tissue that requires antibiotics and analgesics.The woman may also need to drain the infected breast by expressing milk or using a pump.

Iron does not prevent constipation in infants.In fact, iron-fortified formula may cause constipation in some infants.

Iron does not enhance immune system function.Iron is important for hemoglobin production, but it does not directly affect the immune system.

Iron does not improve skin color and tone.Iron deficiency can cause pale skin, but iron supplementation does not change the natural color or tone of the skin.

Breast milk does not interfere with vitamin D absorption from sunlight.However, reducing sun exposure is important for preventing skin cancer, and other factors such as clothing, air pollution, and skin type can also decrease the amount of vitamin D a person can make from sunlight.

Breast milk does not increase vitamin D excretion in urine.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is stored in the body and not easily lost in urine.

Breast milk does not inhibit vitamin D synthesis in the liver.Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin from exposure to sunlight, and then activated in the liver and kidneys to its active form.

Breast milk does not affect this process.

Mixing the medication with formula in a bottle can alter the taste and effectiveness of the medication, and also make it difficult to ensure that the infant receives the full dose.

Placing the medication on a pacifier can cause the infant to spit out the pacifier or the medication, and also increase the risk of infection from contaminated pacifiers.

Dipping a cotton swab in the medication and rubbing it on the gums can irritate the oral mucosa and cause pain or bleeding, and also waste some of the medication on the swab.

Yogurt is not a good source of zinc for infants.Yogurt is a dairy product that contains some zinc, but not as much as meat.

Broccoli is not a good source of zinc for infants.Broccoli is a vegetable that contains very little zinc.

Mango is not a good source of zinc for infants.Mango is a fruit that contains almost no zinc.

Pureed foods are not suitable for an eight-month-old infant who can handle more textured foods.

Pureed foods are recommended for infants who are just starting complementary feeding at around six

Cheese is not a risk factor for dental caries in infants.Cheese can actually help prevent cavities by stimulating saliva production and neutralizing acids in the mouth.

Avocado is not a risk factor for dental caries in infants.Avocado is a healthy fat that does not contain sugars that can feed cavity-causing bacteria.

Green leafy vegetables are not a risk factor for dental caries in infants.Green leafy vegetables are rich in vitamins and minerals that can support oral health and general health.

Breastfeeding reduces the risk of infections, allergies, and chronic diseases in infants and children, but this is not the only benefit of breastfeeding.Breastfeeding also has benefits for mothers, such as reducing the risk of breast and ovarian cancers.

Breastfeeding enhances maternal-infant bonding and attachment, but this is not the only benefit of breastfeeding.Breastfeeding also has benefits for the environment, such as reducing waste and greenhouse gas emissions.

Breastfeeding helps mothers lose weight and prevent postpartum hemorrhage, but this is not the only benefit of breastfeeding.Breastfeeding also has benefits for society, such as reducing health care costs and improving productivity.

Pumping or expressing milk at least every 3 to 4 hours during work or school hours stimulates the production of prolactin, the hormone that regulates milk synthesis.

Storing milk in clean glass or plastic containers with tight-fitting lids in a refrigerator or freezer preserves the quality and safety of the milk.

Labeling milk containers with the date and time of expression and using them in order of oldest to newest ensures that the milk is used before it spoils.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) in the infant is a genetic disorder that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body.This can lead to intellectual disability, seizures, and other neurological problems if not treated with a special diet that limits phenylalanine.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the mother is a condition where the mother has high blood sugar levels during pregnancy.This can increase the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby, such as preeclampsia, macrosomia, birth injuries, and neonatal hypoglycemia.

Cleft lip or palate in the infant is a birth defect where the upper lip or roof of the mouth does not form properly.This can affect the infant’s ability to feed, speak, and breathe, and may require surgery and other intervention

Growth and development evaluation should not be done only annually, but also at specific ages recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), such as 9 months, 18 months, 24 months, and 30 months.

Growth and development evaluation should not only be plotted on appropriate growth charts and compared with expected norms for age and sex, but also include developmental milestones in playing, learning, speaking, behaving, and moving.

Growth and development evaluation should not only be used to identify any deviations from normal or expected patterns of growth and development, but also to monitor the child’s progress and provide early intervention if needed.

Walking up and down stairs with assistance is a skill that most toddlers can do by 24 months.

Kicking a ball forward without falling is a skill that most toddlers can do by 24 months.

Jumping in place with both feet is a skill that most toddlers can do by 30 months.

It is expected developmental milestones for a 3-year-old child.

It is expected developmental milestones for a 3-year-old child.

It is expected developmental milestones for a 3-year-old child.