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“An incisional biopsy is performed to confirm a diagnosis and so that special studies can be done that will help determine the best treatment”

The appropriate answer is b because an incisional biopsy is typically performed to obtain a tissue sample from a suspicious mass to confirm a diagnosis and to help determine the best treatment approach. It is not performed primarily to assess potential for recovery or to select a less painful or more accurate test, nor is it limited to a specific age group or health status. The nurse should provide accurate and relevant information to the client to help them understand the purpose and benefits of the procedure, and to alleviate any concerns or fears they may have.

After a radical mastectomy and axillary node dissection, the client may experience swelling and discomfort in the affected arm, known as lymphedema. Lifting heavy objects with the affected arm can worsen the swelling and increase the risk of developing lymphedema. Therefore, it is important for the client to avoid lifting heavy objects with the affected arm and to limit activity that could cause strain or injury to the arm. However, gentle exercise and movement of the arm can help improve circulation and reduce the risk of lymphedema. Using a sling is not typically necessary after this type of surgery, and keeping cuticles clipped neatly is not directly related to post-operative care for a mastectomy and axillary node dissection.

Leukopenia: Chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin can cause myelosuppression, leading to a significant decrease in white blood cells (leukopenia). This makes the client more susceptible to infections and is a common and serious adverse effect that the nurse should monitor closely.

IUDs are highly effective, with a failure rate of less than 1% per year, and they do not require daily atention or use. The intervaginal contraceptive ring and the transdermal contraceptive patch are also effective methods of contraception, with a failure rate of less than 1% per year when used correctly, but they require consistent use and proper application. The male condom is a highly effective method of contraception when used consistently and correctly, with a failure rate of about 2% per year. However, it is not as effective as the IUD, and its efficacy can be affected by improper use or condom breakage.

Endometriosis is a condition in which tissue like the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, often on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other organs in the pelvic area. This tissue can cause pain, inflammation, and in some cases, fertility problems.

The other options are incorrect. Option A describes endometritis, which is an infection of the lining of the uterus. Option c suggests that endometriosis causes the lining of the uterus to be too thin, which is not accurate. Option d describes adenomyosis, which is a separate condition in which the lining of the uterus grows into the muscular wall of the uterus, causing thickening and pain.

The procedure you are referring to is called a "cone biopsy." It is a medical procedure in which a cone-shaped section of cervical tissue is removed for examination under a microscope. Cone biopsies are typically performed when abnormal cells are detected on a woman's cervix during a routine Pap test or other cervical cancer screening tests. The biopsy can help to determine if the abnormal cells are cancerous or pre-cancerous and can guide further treatment decisions.

This statement shows that the client understands that gonorrhea is a sexually transmited infection that requires treatment for both sexual partners to prevent reinfection. Options a and b are incorrect because douching and over-the-counter medications are not recommended for the treatment of gonorrhea. Option c is also incorrect because while penicillin used to be the recommended treatment for gonorrhea, many strains of the bacteria have developed resistance to it, and other antibiotics are now used instead.

Progesterone is a hormone produced by the ovaries after ovulation has occurred. By measuring the levels of progesterone in the blood, healthcare providers can determine whether ovulation is occurring regularly and at what point in the menstrual cycle it is happening. This information can be used to time implantation during fertility treatments such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in-vitro fertilization (IVF). The other options listed, such as abdominal CT, oocyte viability test, and urine testosterone, are not relevant diagnostic tests for assessing ovulation or timing implantation.

Thick white, curd-like discharge is a common symptom of a yeast infection, which is caused by an overgrowth of candida. However, it is important to note that other conditions, such as bacterial vaginosis or Trichomonas infection, can also cause changes in vaginal discharge.

Therefore, further assessment and evaluation by a healthcare provider is necessary to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment plan. A Pap smear is not indicated based on the client's symptoms.