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Uterine contractions (powers) are essential for cervical dilation and fetal descent. They are involuntary smooth muscle contractions regulated by oxytocin and prostaglandins.

The fetus (passenger) significantly influences labor progression. Fetal size, position, and presentation affect the ease of passage through the birth canal.

The birth canal (passageway) includes the bony pelvis and soft tissues, which must adapt to allow the fetus to pass through during labor.

Valsalva maneuver involves forced expiration against a closed airway, increasing intrathoracic pressure and commonly used to expel the fetus during the second stage of labor.

Ferguson’s reflex involves the release of oxytocin due to vaginal and cervical stretching, leading to stronger contractions during the second stage of labor.

Lightening refers to the descent of the fetus into the pelvis before labor begins, reducing pressure on the diaphragm and making breathing easier.

Valsalva maneuver involves forced expiration against a closed airway, increasing intrathoracic pressure and used to aid in expelling the fetus during labor.

Ferguson’s reflex involves the release of oxytocin due to vaginal and cervical stretching, resulting in stronger contractions during the second stage of labor.

Lightening refers to the descent of the fetus into the pelvis before labor, relieving pressure on the diaphragm and easing breathing.

Bladder distention may cause discomfort and urinary issues but is not directly related to cervical dilation and effacement, which involve changes in the cervix to prepare for labor.

False labor involves irregular contractions that do not lead to cervical dilation and effacement. These are often called Braxton Hicks contractions and do not result in significant cervical changes.

Lightening refers to the descent of the baby into the pelvis, which typically occurs in the later stages of pregnancy and does not directly involve cervical dilation and effacement processes.

At 15 weeks of gestation, it is too early for most first-time mothers to feel fetal movements. Quickening usually occurs between 16 and 20 weeks, so she has not missed the window.

While some fetal movements may be subtle, it is inaccurate to suggest that some babies are entirely quiet. Quickening is generally felt by most mothers between 16 and 20 weeks.

The baby is indeed moving, but fetal movements are usually not felt until 16 to 20 weeks of gestation in first-time pregnancies, so it is normal not to feel them yet at 15 weeks.

The placenta does not produce meconium. Its primary functions include nutrient transfer, gas exchange, and waste elimination, but it does not have the structures necessary for the production of meconium.

Amniotic fluid does not produce meconium. Amniotic fluid surrounds and protects the fetus but does not contain the components needed to create meconium. Instead, the fetus swallows and then excretes it into the intestines.

Fetal kidneys are responsible for filtering waste and producing urine, but they do not produce meconium. The production of meconium is a function of the intestines, not the kidneys.

The placenta does not produce meconium. Its primary functions include nutrient transfer, gas exchange, and waste elimination, but it does not have the structures necessary for the production of meconium.

Amniotic fluid does not produce meconium. Amniotic fluid surrounds and protects the fetus but does not contain the components needed to create meconium. Instead, the fetus swallows and then excretes it into the intestines.

Fetal kidneys are responsible for filtering waste and producing urine, but they do not produce meconium. The production of meconium is a function of the intestines, not the kidneys.

While protein is essential, it is not primarily responsible for preventing anemia. Iron and folic acid play significant roles in preventing anemia by supporting red blood cell production.

Protein intake alone does not prevent gestational diabetes. Carbohydrate metabolism and hormonal regulation are more directly related to the development and management of gestational diabetes.

Protein intake during pregnancy does not affect the development of strong teeth post-birth. Dental health is influenced by calcium, phosphorus, and other vitamins, not directly by protein consumption during pregnancy.

Erythromycin ophthalmic ointment does not prevent the infant's eyelids from sticking together; it is not its primary purpose and does not aid in vision enhancement.

Erythromycin does not prevent exudate from invading the tear ducts, nor does it lead to dry eyes. Its primary function is antimicrobial.

Erythromycin ophthalmic ointment is not specific to Staphylococcus and does not directly destroy infectious exudate. It prevents infections like gonorrhea.