Review Essentials of Pathophysiology

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Essentials of Pathophysiology

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Total Questions : 52

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Question 1:

What is the medical emergency related to hyperthyroidism that is characterized by fever, a decrease in consciousness, and abdominal pain?

A. Thyroid storm (thyrotoxicosis) B. Addisonian crisis C. Ketoacidosis D. Myxedema coma

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Thyroid storm, also known as thyrotoxicosis, is a severe complication of hyperthyroidism characterized by high fever, a decrease in consciousness, and abdominal pain.

Choice B:

Addisonian crisis, also known as adrenal crisis, is a potentially life-threatening situation that requires immediate medical care. It’s characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, dehydration, low blood pressure, and changes in mental status, but it’s not directly related to hyperthyroidism.

Choice C:

Ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when your body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones. It’s not specifically related to hyperthyroidism.

Choice D:

Myxedema coma is a rare but life-threatening condition that can occur in people with long-term, untreated hypothyroidism (low thyroid levels), not hyperthyroidism.

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Question 2:

What condition is marked by inflammation of the glomeruli, typically due to a streptococcal or Staphylococcus infection?

A. Glomerulonephritis B. Polycystic kidney disease C. Nephrolithiasis D. Interstitial cystitis

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny filters in your kidneys. It can be caused by infections, including those caused by streptococcal or Staphylococcus bacteria.

Choice B:

Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder that causes numerous cysts to grow in the kidneys. It’s not typically caused by infections.

Choice C:

Nephrolithiasis refers to the condition of having kidney stones. It’s not caused by bacterial infections.

Choice D:

Interstitial cystitis, also known as painful bladder syndrome, is a chronic condition causing bladder pressure and pain. It’s not caused by streptococcal or Staphylococcus infections.

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Question 3:

What is a clinical sign of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A. Light yellow urine B. Painful urination C. Dark urine D. Polyuria

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Light yellow urine is normal and not a specific sign of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.

Choice B:

Painful urination is not typically associated with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.

Choice C:

Dark urine can be a sign of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. This is due to the presence of blood in the urine, or hematuria.

Choice D:

Polyuria, or increased urination, is not a typical sign of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.

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Question 4:

Which of the following is a changeable risk factor for nephrolithiasis?

A. Gender B. Congenital metabolic disorder C. Dehydration D. Family history

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Gender is not a changeable risk factor for nephrolithiasis.

Choice B:

Congenital metabolic disorders are not changeable risk factors for nephrolithiasis.

Choice C:

Dehydration is a changeable risk factor for nephrolithiasis. Insufficient water intake can concentrate the substances that form stones in the urine, increasing the risk of stone formation.

Choice D:

Family history is not a changeable risk factor for nephrolithiasis.

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Question 5:

Which clinical diagnosis is linked with hirsutism, amenorrhea, and infertility?

A. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) B. Primary amenorrhea C. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) D. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. It’s not typically associated with hirsutism, amenorrhea, and infertility.

Choice B:

Primary amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstruation in a girl by age 16. While it can cause infertility, it’s not typically associated with hirsutism.

Choice C:

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to physical and emotional symptoms that occur in the one to two weeks before a woman’s period. It’s not associated with hirsutism or infertility.

Choice D:

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods or excess male hormone (androgen) levels, which can cause hirsutism and amenorrhea, and it’s often associated with infertility.

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Question 6:

What could be the outcome of an exaggerated stress response in a client with type 1 diabetes?

A. It can cause higher blood sugar readings through the release of insulin B. It can cause lower blood sugar readings through the release of glucocorticoids C. It can cause higher blood sugar readings through the release of glucocorticoids D. It can cause lower blood sugar readings through the release of insulin

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

An exaggerated stress response in a client with type 1 diabetes would not cause higher blood sugar readings through the release of insulin. In fact, stress tends to increase blood sugar levels.

Choice B:

The release of glucocorticoids during stress does not typically cause lower blood sugar readings. Glucocorticoids tend to raise blood sugar levels.

Choice C:

An exaggerated stress response can cause higher blood sugar readings through the release of glucocorticoids. Stress hormones like glucocorticoids interfere with insulin’s ability to move glucose from the blood into the cells, leading to an increase in blood sugar levels.

Choice D:

An exaggerated stress response would not cause lower blood sugar readings through the release of insulin. Stress typically raises, not lowers, blood sugar levels.

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Question 7:

Which of the following is a common cause of chronic kidney disease?

A. Hypertension B. Chronic pyelonephritis C. Glomerulonephritis D. Polycystic kidney disease

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Hypertension is a common cause of chronic kidney disease. High blood pressure can damage blood vessels in the kidneys, impairing their ability to work properly.

Choice B:

Chronic pyelonephritis, a type of urinary tract infection that reaches the kidneys, can lead to chronic kidney disease, but it’s not as common a cause as hypertension.

Choice C:

Glomerulonephritis, an inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli), can lead to chronic kidney disease, but it’s not as common a cause as hypertension.

Choice D:

Polycystic kidney disease, a genetic disorder that causes numerous cysts to grow in the kidneys, can lead to chronic kidney disease, but it’s not as common a cause as hypertension.

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Question 8:

What type of incontinence is triggered by an increase in intraabdominal pressure due to actions such as coughing or sneezing?

A. Stress incontinence B. Urge incontinence C. Overflow incontinence D. Neurogenic bladder .

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Stress incontinence is triggered by an increase in intraabdominal pressure due to actions such as coughing or sneezing. This pressure can overcome the resistance of the urinary sphincter, leading to involuntary leakage of urine.

Choice B:

Urge incontinence is characterized by a sudden, intense urge to urinate, followed by an involuntary loss of urine. It’s not typically triggered by increases in intraabdominal pressure.

Choice C:

Overflow incontinence is characterized by frequent or constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that doesn’t empty completely. It’s not typically triggered by increases in intraabdominal pressure.

Choice D:

Neurogenic bladder is a condition in which a person lacks bladder control due to a brain, spinal cord, or nerve condition. It’s not typically triggered by increases in intraabdominal pressure. Inflammatory bowel diseaseInflammatory bowel disease Explore

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Question 9:

What explains the cause of dwarfism?

A. A deficit of parathyroid hormone B. Excessive level of insulin C. Excessive level of somatotropin (GH) D. A deficit of somatotropin (GH)

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

A deficit of parathyroid hormone would not cause dwarfism, but it could lead to hypoparathyroidism, which can cause muscle cramps or spasms due to low levels of calcium in the blood.

Choice B:

Excessive levels of insulin could lead to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), not dwarfism.

Choice C:

Excessive levels of somatotropin (GH) would not cause dwarfism. Instead, it could lead to gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults.

Choice D:

A deficit of somatotropin (GH) could indeed cause dwarfism. Somatotropin, also known as growth hormone, is essential for growth and development. A deficiency can result in short stature.

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Question 10:

In which of the following conditions would hypercalcemia most likely occur?

A. Dwarfism B. Hypoparathyroidism C. Gigantism D. Hyperparathyroidism

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Dwarfism is a condition characterized by short stature, often due to a genetic or medical condition, not related to calcium levels.

Choice B:

Hypoparathyroidism would most likely lead to hypocalcemia (low calcium levels), not hypercalcemia.

Choice C:

Gigantism is caused by an overproduction of growth hormone during childhood before the bone growth plates have closed, not related to calcium levels.

Choice D:

Hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone, can lead to hypercalcemia (high calcium levels)2.

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Total Questions : 52

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Essentials of Pathophysiology

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