Share This Link

When an individual is faced with a stressful situation, such as an impending surgery, the sympathetic nervous system is activated, initiating the "fight or flight" response. This response involves the release of catecholamines, primarily adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones increase the heart rate (tachycardia) and respiratory rate (tachypnea) to prepare the body for a perceived threat.

A pulse of 58 and a respiration rate of 14 are within or below the normal ranges. A decrease in heart rate (bradycardia) and respiratory rate (bradypnea) is not a typical response to acute stress. These vital signs would indicate a parasympathetic nervous system response, which promotes rest and relaxation, not the physiological stress response seen before surgery.

While a pulse of 70 and a respiration of 16 are within the normal range, they do not reflect the expected physiological response to acute stress. The client's initial baseline vitals were a pulse of 72 and respiration of 16. A stressful event like an impending surgery would trigger a sympathetic response, causing an increase in these values, not a maintenance of the baseline. --

While paying closer attention to a loved one after a death is common, this choice dismisses the biological link between stress and illness. The psychological and physical systems are interconnected. The stress response, particularly chronic stress, leads to physiological changes that directly impair immune function, making a person more susceptible to illness.

This statement is scientifically inaccurate. The nervous and endocrine systems are intricately connected and do not operate on separate tracts. The sympathetic nervous system, triggered by stress, releases hormones like cortisol that have widespread effects throughout the body, including significant modulation of the immune system. This directly links emotions and physical responses.

This choice is incorrect. There is extensive research demonstrating a strong connection between stress, negative emotions, and immune system function. Chronic stress leads to elevated cortisol levels, which suppress the activity of lymphocytes and other immune cells. This impairs the body's ability to fight off pathogens, increasing the risk and severity of illnesses.

While a questionnaire could be a useful tool, it was not Dr. Hans Selye's primary contribution. His work was foundational in defining the physiological response to stress itself, not just in creating a measurement instrument. He described the biological, not just the psychological, mechanisms involved in the body's reaction to stressors.

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) was developed by psychiatrists Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe, not Hans Selye. This scale measures stress based on life events and is a tool to assess the psychological impact of stressors. Selye's work focused on the physiological, nonspecific response of the body to any stressor, regardless of its nature.

Selye described the resistance stage as the body's continued physiological response to cope with the stressor, where it attempts to return to homeostasis. This stage is not defined by the use of psychological defense mechanisms to avoid confrontation, but rather by the sustained physiological effort of the body to adapt to the ongoing stress.

This choice may induce anxiety and frustration by highlighting the client's current limitations in contrast to a former, healthier state. Focusing on an unattainable image can trigger a stress response, increasing sympathetic nervous system activity. This can lead to bronchoconstriction and a higher respiratory rate, exacerbating their shortness of breath, which is counterproductive to the goal of guided imagery. The aim is to calm and relax the client.

This choice is inappropriate for a client with emphysema because surfing is a strenuous activity. Suggesting this image could create a mental conflict for the client, as their physical limitations prevent them from performing such an action. The incongruity between the imagined activity and their physical reality can cause stress, leading to an increase in oxygen consumption and a higher respiratory rate, which would worsen their dyspnea.

This choice is unsuitable because it denies the client's need for oxygen, which is a critical part of their treatment plan. Visualizing an activity without supplemental oxygen may lead to anxiety and a sense of vulnerability when they must use it. Guided imagery should reinforce positive coping mechanisms, not dismiss necessary medical interventions. This can trigger a fear of suffocation, increasing their respiratory effort and anxiety.

Removing the picture and sending it home with family disrespects the client's religious and cultural practices. This action can be perceived as dismissive and insensitive, potentially causing the client emotional distress and a feeling of alienation. Such an action could damage the nurse-client relationship, undermine trust, and negatively impact the client's willingness to adhere to their treatment plan. Cultural competence requires acknowledging and accommodating a client's spiritual needs.

Sending a personal, religious item to the business office safe is inappropriate and shows a lack of cultural sensitivity. This action implies the item is merely a valuable object to be secured, rather than a significant symbol of faith and comfort for the client. The client may interpret this as a disregard for their deeply held beliefs, leading to feelings of disrespect and a breakdown in communication with the healthcare team.

Moving the picture to a different location, such as a window, despite being well-intentioned, may still be perceived as a form of disrespect. The client placed the image in a specific spot for a reason, likely for comfort and a sense of presence. Relocating it without the client's permission or understanding can be seen as a violation of their personal space and autonomy, potentially disrupting their sense of security and trust in the care environment. *.
 

While nutrition is important for overall health, it is not the most critical factor for the success of a scheduled medication regimen. The client's ability to receive their long-acting antipsychotic injection at a specific time and location is dependent on their ability to get there, not on the availability of nutrition services. Missing a dose due to a lack of transportation directly impacts the medication's therapeutic effect, increasing the risk of symptom relapse.

Trust is foundational to any therapeutic relationship, but in this specific scenario of medication non-adherence, the most critical factor is the physical ability to receive the medication. While trust is necessary for the client to accept the injection, the plan's success hinges on their presence at the clinic every three weeks. Without reliable transportation, the highest level of trust will not enable the client to receive their dose.

The attitude of significant others can be supportive and influence a client's adherence, but it is not the most critical factor for the logistical success of this treatment plan. A positive attitude from family and friends cannot overcome the barrier of a lack of transportation to the clinic. The physical act of arriving for the injection is the primary hurdle that must be overcome for the plan to be successful, regardless of social support.

Indigenous traditions often view reality and illness through a holistic and spiritual lens, where disease may be attributed to a spiritual imbalance, a disruption of harmony with nature, or a transgression of sacred laws. In this context, reality is not solely stable due to predictable causes. Healing often involves spiritual rituals, ceremonies, and seeking harmony with one's environment rather than a focus on biomedical causes and effects.

Eastern traditions, such as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), emphasize the balance of energy (Qi), mind, and body. Illness is often seen as a disruption of this balance rather than a single, stable cause. Reality is viewed as fluid and interconnected. Causes of disease may include emotional imbalances, environmental factors, or dietary issues. Treatment focuses on restoring harmony rather than identifying a singular cause.

"Southern" is not a specific cultural tradition in the same way as indigenous, eastern, or western traditions. This term can refer to various distinct cultures and geographical regions, each with its own unique beliefs about health and illness. Therefore, it is not a uniform tradition with a singular view on the causes of disease. For this reason, it cannot be characterized by a stable reality with causes to diseases.

Elevated blood pressure and excessive sleeping are examples of physiological responses to stress. While psychological stress is the initial trigger, these physical manifestations represent the body's physiological reaction to that stressor. Elevated blood pressure is a sympathetic nervous system response, and excessive sleeping can be a physical coping mechanism or a symptom of depression, which is a physiological state.

A racing heart rate is a classic physiological response to stress, mediated by the sympathetic nervous system's release of catecholamines like adrenaline. Avoiding others, while driven by a psychological state (fear or anxiety), is a behavioral response. Therefore, this pairing includes one physiological and one behavioral response, not two purely psychological ones. The prompt asks for a pair of psychological responses.

Headaches and tense muscles are both physiological manifestations of stress. Headaches can be tension-related due to muscle constriction, and tense muscles are a direct result of the fight-or-flight response, preparing the body for action. These are physical symptoms that occur as a result of the psychological stressor but are not psychological responses themselves, as they are changes within the body's tissues and systems.

Blurred boundaries occur when the professional relationship between a nurse and client becomes less defined or crosses into personal or social territory. This can involve sharing excessive personal information, inappropriate physical contact, or becoming overly involved in the client's life. While a nurse's feelings could lead to blurred boundaries, the initial experience of struggling with a client due to a past relationship is specifically countertransference.

Experiencing strong, unhelpful emotional reactions to a client is not considered a normal finding in a therapeutic relationship. While nurses are human and have personal histories, the professional expectation is to recognize and manage these feelings to ensure that care remains client-focused and therapeutic. If the nurse is struggling with providing care, it indicates a professional challenge that needs to be addressed, not a normal state of affairs.

Transference is the opposite phenomenon, where the client unconsciously projects feelings and attitudes from a past relationship onto the nurse. For example, if a client sees the nurse as a parental figure, they may act out a dependent relationship with the nurse. In this scenario, the nurse is the one having the emotional reaction based on their past, not the client, making this an example of countertransference.

Cultural awareness involves self-examination of one's own biases and prejudices toward other cultures. It is the beginning of the cultural competence journey, but by itself, it does not directly facilitate the formation of a trusting relationship with a client. It is a necessary cognitive step for the nurse to acknowledge their own cultural background before they can effectively engage with others.

Cultural knowledge involves the process of seeking and obtaining a sound educational foundation about diverse cultural and ethnic groups. It focuses on learning about the client's worldview, health beliefs, and practices. While this information is crucial for providing culturally congruent care, it is a cognitive process and does not directly build rapport without the application of other skills.

Cultural skill is the ability to conduct a culturally competent assessment and physical examination. It involves the collection of relevant cultural data from the client, as well as accurate documentation. It is the application of cultural knowledge, but it is not the primary factor in establishing a genuine and trusting relationship; it is more about the technical application of knowledge.