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Ati lpn pharmacology exam

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Total Questions : 60

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Question 1:

Which drug groups do not inhibit clot formation? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

A. Anticoagulants B. Antihypertensives C. Antibiotics D. Antipyretics E. Antiemetics

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Anticoagulants:Anticoagulants, such as warfarin, heparin, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), are specifically designed to prevent the formation of blood clots or to treat existing clots. They work by interfering with various stages of the clotting cascade, either by inhibiting clotting factors or by enhancing the effects of natural anticoagulants in the body.

Choice B:

Antihypertensives:Antihypertensives, such as ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers, are used to lower high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, reducing heart rate, or decreasing fluid retention. While antihypertensives can reduce the overall strain on the heart and blood vessels, they do not have an impact on the clotting process and are not designed to interfere with blood coagulation.

Choice C:

Antibiotics:Antibiotics, such as penicillin or amoxicillin, target bacteria and prevent their growth or kill them, but they do not affect the clotting mechanisms in the blood.

Choice D:

Antipyretics:Antipyretics, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen, work by lowering the body's set point temperature in the hypothalamus, helping to relieve fever. They do not affect the clotting cascade or the ability of blood to form clots, so antipyretics are a correct answer.

Choice E:

Antiemetics:Antiemetics, such as ondansetron or metoclopramide, are used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting. They primarily work by blocking the receptors in the brain that trigger nausea and vomiting but do not have an effect on the clotting process. Thus, antiemetics are a correct answer.

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Question 2:

Which method are for administering drugs by parenteral routes? (Select all that apply.)

A. Subcutaneous B. Intramuscular C. Via a nasogastric tube D. Intradermal E. Intravenous

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Subcutaneous:The subcutaneous route involves administering medication into the layer of fat and connective tissue beneath the skin. This method is used for drugs that require slower absorption, such as insulin or certain vaccines.

Choice B:

Intramuscular:The intramuscular route involves injecting medication directly into a muscle. This allows for faster absorption compared to subcutaneous injections, making it ideal for drugs that need to be absorbed quickly, such as vaccines or certain antibiotics.

Choice C:

Via a nasogastric tube:Administering drugs via a nasogastric tube is not considered a parenteral route. The nasogastric (NG) tube delivers medications directly into the stomach via the gastrointestinal tract, which is not part of the parenteral system. Parenteral routes are those that bypass the digestive system, like injections.

Choice D:

Intradermal:The intradermal route involves injecting medication just under the skin, in the dermis. This is typically used for allergy testing or tuberculosis screenings. It is a parenteral route because it bypasses the digestive system.

Choice E:

Intravenous:The intravenous route involves injecting medication directly into a vein, offering rapid absorption and fast onset of action. This method is ideal for critical or emergency situations where immediate medication effects are necessary.

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Question 3:

A continuous heparin infusion is to begin at 15 units/kg/hr for a client weighing 82 kg. Available: 25,000 units of heparin in 250 mL D5W. Calculate the mL/hr. (the pump is capable of delivering in tenths of an mL).

A. 12.3 mL/hr B. 123 mL/hr C. 125 mL/hr D. 12 mL/hr

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Given:

Ordered dose of Heparin: 15 units/kg/hr

Patient weight: 82 kg

Total Heparin in solution: 25,000 units

Volume of solution: 250 mL

Step 1: Calculate the total dose of Heparin in units/hr:

Total dose (units/hr) = Ordered dose (units/kg/hr) x Patient weight (kg)

Total dose (units/hr) = 15 units/kg/hr x 82 kg

Total dose (units/hr) = 1230 units/hr

Step 2: Calculate the concentration of Heparin in the solution:

Concentration (units/mL) = Total Heparin (units) / Volume of solution (mL)

Concentration (units/mL) = 25,000 units / 250 mL

Concentration (units/mL) = 100 units/mL

Step 3: Calculate the infusion rate in mL/hr:

Infusion rate (mL/hr) = Total dose (units/hr) / Concentration (units/mL)

Infusion rate (mL/hr) = 1230 units/hr / 100 units/mL

Infusion rate (mL/hr) = 12.3 mL/hr

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Question 4:

A nurse is collecting data from a client prior to the administration of digoxin. Which of the following findings should the nurse report to the provider?

A. Potassium level of 3.0 mEg/L B. BP L 132/82 mm Hg C. Digoxin level of 1.2 ng/mL D. Heart rate of 66/min

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Potassium level of 3.0 mEq/L:A potassium level of 3.0 mEq/L is below the normal range (3.5-5.0 mEq/L) and indicates hypokalemia. This is a critical finding for a patient taking digoxin. Hypokalemia increases the risk of digoxin toxicity because low potassium levels enhance the action of digoxin on the heart, potentially leading to arrhythmias. Therefore, the nurse should immediately report this finding to the provider for correction of the potassium imbalance.

Choice B:

BP of 132/82 mm Hg:A blood pressure of 132/82 mm Hg is within the normal to slightly elevated range for adults. There is no immediate cause for concern related to the administration of digoxin, as this value is not indicative of hypotension or any immediate contraindication.

Choice C:

Digoxin level of 1.2 ng/mL:
A digoxin level of 1.2 ng/mL is within the therapeutic range (0.5-2.0 ng/mL). There is no indication that this level would need to be reported, as it is appropriate for digoxin therapy and not indicative of toxicity.

Choice D:

Heart rate of 66/min:A heart rate of 66/min is within the normal range for an adult at rest (60-100 bpm). A heart rate below 60 bpm may warrant further assessment when taking digoxin, as it can cause bradycardia. However, a heart rate of 66 is not alarming and does not necessitate reporting to the provider, as it is still within an acceptable range for most individuals.

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Question 5:

A nurse is preparing to administer acetaminophen 10/mg/kg PO to a preschool child for fever. The child weighs 22 lb . Available is acetaminophen liquid 160mg/5 mL. How many mL should the nurse administer? (Round the answer to the nearest tenth. Use a leading zero if it applies. Do not use a trailing zero.)

A. 31 mL B. 3 mL C. 3.1 mL D. 3 mg

Answer and Explanation

Choice C:

Given:

Ordered dose of acetaminophen: 10 mg/kg

Child's weight: 22 lb

Concentration of acetaminophen liquid: 160 mg/5 mL

Step 1: Convert child's weight from pounds to kilograms:

1 pound (lb) = 0.453592 kilograms (kg)

Child's weight in kg = 22 lbs x 0.453592 kg/lb = 9.976824 kg

Step 2: Calculate the total dose of acetaminophen:

Total dose (mg) = Ordered dose (mg/kg) x Child's weight (kg)

Total dose (mg) = 10 mg/kg x 9.976824 kg

Total dose (mg) = 99.76824 mg

Step 3: Calculate the volume to be administered:

Volume (mL) = Total dose (mg) / Concentration (mg/mL)

Volume (mL) = 99.76824 mg / 160 mg/5 mL

Volume (mL) = 99.76824 mg x (5 mL / 160 mg)

Volume (mL) = 3.1177575 mL

Step 4: Round to the nearest tenth:

Volume (mL) ≈ 3.1 mL

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Question 6:

A nurse is calculating a client's fluid intake over the past 8 hr. The client had one 8-oz cup of coffee, 3 oz of juice, and 12 oz of soda. The client's water pitcher had 800 mL and 200 mL remain. The client also had IV fluids infusing at 40 mL/hr via an IV pump. How many mL should the nurse document as the client's total intake for the shift?

A. 1300 mL B. 1330 mL C. 1600 mL. D. 1610 mL

Answer and Explanation

Choice C:

Convert ounces to milliliters (1 oz = 29.5735 mL):

8 oz coffee: 8 × 29.5735 = 236.588 mL

3 oz juice: 3 × 29.5735 = 88.7205 mL

12 oz soda: 12 × 29.5735 = 354.882 mL

Calculate the water intake from the water pitcher:

Total water intake: 800 mL (initial) - 200 mL (remaining) = 600 mL

Calculate the IV fluid intake:

IV fluids at 40 mL/hr for 8 hours: 40 × 8 = 320 mL

Add all the fluid amounts:

Total fluid intake=236.588 mL+88.7205 mL+354.882 mL+600 mL+320 mL=1600.1905 mL

Rounding to the nearest whole number: 1600 mL.

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Question 7:

Calculate the flow rate in mL/hr. and Units/hr. (Equipment used is programmable in whole mL/hr and Show all work) Order: 100 mL 0.45% NS in 45 min by infusion pump. Calculate rate in ml/hr

A. 133 mL/hr B. 13.3 mL/hr C. 130 mL/hr D. 13 ml/hr

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Given:

Volume of fluid: 100 mL

Infusion time: 45 minutes

Step 1: Convert infusion time to hours:

Infusion time (hr) = 45 min / 60 min/hr

Infusion time (hr) = 0.75 hr

Step 2: Calculate the infusion rate in mL/hr:

Flow rate (mL/hr) = Volume (mL) / Infusion time (hr)

Flow rate (mL/hr) = 100 mL / 0.75 hr

Flow rate (mL/hr) = 133.3333333 mL/hr

Step 3: Round to the nearest whole number:

Flow rate (mL/hr) ≈ 133 mL/hr

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Question 8:

Convert the following metric measures to kg by moving the decimal: 5,524 g

A. 5.524 kg B. 0.5524 kg C. 55.24 kg D. 5,524.00 kg

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Given:

Value in grams: 5,524 g

To convert grams to kilograms, we need to divide the value by 1000.

Step 1: Divide the value by 1000:

5,524 g / 1000 = 5.524 kg

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Question 9:

What factors affect physiological response to drug use?

A. Age, weight, and sex B. Marital status and family history. C. Diet and exercise D. Socioeconomic status and education level

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Age, weight, and sex:Age, weight, and sex are key factors that significantly affect an individual's physiological response to drug use. These factors influence how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes medications. For example, older adults may have slower metabolism and decreased renal function, requiring dosage adjustments. Body weight can affect the distribution of drugs, with heavier individuals potentially requiring higher doses for the same therapeutic effect. Sex also plays a role, as men and women can have differences in drug absorption and metabolism due to hormonal and physiological variations.

Choice B:

Marital status and family history:Marital status and family history do not directly affect the physiological response to medications in the way that biological factors like age, weight, and sex do. While family history may provide insights into genetic predispositions for certain diseases, it does not significantly impact the pharmacodynamics of most medications. Marital status is largely a social factor and does not influence drug metabolism or effects.

Choice C:

Diet and exercise:
Diet and exercise can influence drug absorption and metabolism to some extent, but they are not as direct or universal in their impact as factors like age, weight, and sex. For example, high-fat meals can delay the absorption of certain medications, and exercise can affect the metabolism of some drugs. However, these are secondary factors compared to biological characteristics such as age and weight that directly alter how the body processes drugs.

Choice D:

Socioeconomic status and education level:While socioeconomic status and education level can influence medication adherence and access to healthcare, they do not directly affect the body's physiological response to drugs. These factors may affect how a patient manages their health or accesses medical care, but they do not influence the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of drugs in the body.

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Question 10:

A nurse is assisting with care of a cient who has a prescription for 3000 ml of intravenous huias over the nes:24 hr The nurse should set the IV pump to deliver how many mL/hr? (Round to the nearest whole number)

A. 125 mL/hr B. 30 mL/hr C. 100 mL/hr D. 12.5 mL/hr

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Given:

Volume of fluid: 3,000 mL

Infusion time: 24 hours

Formula:

Flow rate (mL/hr) = Volume (mL) / Time (hr)

Step 1: Calculate the infusion rate in mL/hr:

Flow rate (mL/hr) = 3,000 mL / 24 hr

Flow rate (mL/hr) = 125 mL/hr

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Ati lpn pharmacology exam

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