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The sclera of the eye is yellow while on therapy: Yellowing of the sclera is not a common effect of phenazopyridine but may suggest liver dysfunction, which is not associated with this drug.

Urine will have a foul smell while taking this medication: Phenazopyridine does not cause urine to have a foul smell. It only changes the color.

Diarrhea and abdominal cramping are expected adverse effects: Gastrointestinal side effects are not typically associated with phenazopyridine.

Leaving the nephrostomy site open to air: The nephrostomy site should be covered with a sterile dressing to prevent infection.

Instilling no more than 50 mL of sterile water if sterile irrigations are ordered: Irrigation should be done with care, and no more than 5-10 mL of sterile solution is typically instilled to avoid kidney damage.

Clamping every 2 hours to allow expansion of the kidney pelvis: Clamping the nephrostomy tube is contraindicated as it can lead to increased pressure in the kidney, worsening the obstruction and potentially causing damage.

Pyuria: Pyuria (pus in the urine) is a sign of UTI but is not the most common symptom in the elderly.

Hematuria: Blood in the urine may occur but is not as common in the elderly as confusion.

Dysuria: Painful urination is a classic symptom of UTI but may not be as apparent in elderly patients as confusion.

Acidifies urine: Tolterodine does not alter urine pH. Medications like ascorbic acid are used to acidify urine.

Prevents urinary retention: Tolterodine can actually cause or exacerbate urinary retention as a side effect.

Restores bladder tone and function: Tolterodine does not restore bladder tone but works by relaxing the bladder muscles to reduce urinary urgency and frequency.

Check for edema of the legs and ankles: Edema is not a common complication of lithotripsy. Monitoring for stone fragments and urinary symptoms is more relevant.

Remain on restricted activity for a week: Patients can usually resume normal activity shortly after lithotripsy unless otherwise instructed.

Decrease fluid intake to 1000 mL/day: Increased fluid intake is encouraged to help flush out stone fragments and reduce the risk of recurrence.

Including ureteral output with the bladder output: Ureteral catheter output should be measured separately to ensure accurate monitoring of each source.

Early ambulation: While ambulation is beneficial for overall recovery, the priority is ensuring the catheter is patent and urine is draining freely.

Irrigating the catheter regularly: Ureteral catheters are not routinely irrigated, as improper irrigation can damage the ureters or kidneys.

“It is related to the immunosuppressant drugs taken before transplantation.” Immunosuppressant drugs do not cause hematuria directly.

“It is caused by dye injected during surgery.” Dye is not routinely used in renal transplantation, and hematuria would not be related to this.

“It is caused by a small vessel that may be bleeding but will coagulate as urine flow increases.” While small vessel bleeding can occur, it is better to explain the hematuria as a normal postoperative expectation.

Interstitial cystitis (although rare in a male patient): Interstitial cystitis is a chronic condition typically diagnosed after other causes, like infection, are ruled out.

Urinary calculi, probably located in the ureter: While urinary calculi may cause similar symptoms, dark cloudy urine is more indicative of infection than stones.

Kidney infection, most likely pyelonephritis: Pyelonephritis typically presents with systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, and flank pain, which are not described here.

Dehydration: Dehydration typically causes concentrated urine with a darker yellow color, not red.

Bleeding from the lower urinary tract: Bleeding from the lower urinary tract usually results in bright red urine, not dark red urine.

Excessive red meat in the patient's diet: While dietary factors can influence urine color (e.g., beets), red meat does not cause dark red urine.

Proteus mirabilis: While Proteus species can cause UTIs, they are less common than E. coli and are often associated with catheter-related infections.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Pseudomonas causes UTIs primarily in hospitalized patients or those with indwelling catheters.

Klebsiella pneumoniae: Klebsiella species are less common than E. coli as causes of community-acquired UTIs.