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Exhalation is the passive phase of normal breathing and occurs without effort during relaxed respiration. It involves the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relaxing, allowing air to flow out of the lungs.

Apnea refers to a temporary cessation of breathing and is not a phase of normal breathing.

Expiration is another term for exhalation, which is passive during normal relaxed breathing.

The cerebellum and pons are parts of the brain involved in motor control and respiratory rhythm, respectively, but do not contain peripheral chemoreceptors.

The coronary sinus and alveoli are not involved in detecting chemical changes in the blood for breathing regulation. The coronary sinus drains blood from the heart muscle, and the alveoli are sites of gas exchange, not chemoreception.

The brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava are large veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart but do not house chemoreceptors involved in respiratory regulation.

Esophagus passes through the mediastinum and lies posterior to the trachea and heart.

Heart is located centrally within the mediastinum, specifically in the middle mediastinum.

Lymph nodes are present in the mediastinum and are part of the immune and lymphatic systems

Doxycycline is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections. It has no direct effect on airway muscles or airflow.

ACE inhibitors are used primarily to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. They do not act on the airways and are not used to improve airflow.

Anti-androgen therapy is used to reduce levels of male hormones, typically in the treatment of prostate cancer or hormone-sensitive conditions. It has no role in bronchodilation or respiratory therapy.

Active transport requires energy and is used to move substances against their concentration gradient. Oxygen moves along its concentration gradient, so active transport is not involved.

Endocytosis is a process cells use to engulf large particles or substances, not how gases like oxygen are transported.

Pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis specifically for fluid uptake and is not involved in the respiratory gas exchange process

The glottis refers to the opening between the vocal cords in the larynx and is not involved in the formation of the Adam's apple.

The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue and is not responsible for the Adam's apple.

The cricoid cartilage is a ring-shaped cartilage located just below the thyroid cartilage, but it does not form the Adam's apple.

Asthma is commonly associated with allergic responses, especially allergic asthma, which is triggered by allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander.

Allergic rhinitis is an allergic reaction that affects the nasal passages, typically caused by airborne allergens.

Hay fever is another term for seasonal allergic rhinitis, directly linked to allergens such as pollen.

Rhythmic variation in breathing refers to breathing patterns such as Cheyne-Stokes respiration, not orthopnea.

Difficult or labored breathing is called dyspnea, not orthopnea. While orthopnea is a type of dyspnea, the key feature of orthopnea is its positional nature.

Cessation of breathing is known as apnea, not orthopnea.

Bicarbonate is a buffer in the blood that helps maintain pH balance, but it is not a gas and does not directly regulate breathing.

Nitrogen makes up the majority of the air we breathe, but it is inert and plays no active role in regulating respiration.

Oxygen does influence breathing, especially at very low levels, but it is not the primary driver. In healthy individuals, CO₂ levels are the main factor controlling respiratory rate.

A small amount of carbon dioxide is transported dissolved in plasma, but this accounts for only about 5–10% of the total CO₂ in the blood.

Some carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin, but this form carries only about 20–30% of CO₂.

Albumin primarily transports hormones, fatty acids, and other substances—not carbon dioxide.