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Increasing sodium excretion: During dehydration, the body conserves sodium (via aldosterone) to help retain water, not excrete it.

Increasing urine production: Dehydration leads to decreased urine output, not increased, to prevent further fluid loss.

Decreasing renin secretion: Dehydration increases renin secretion, activating the RAAS system to conserve sodium and water.

Increased number of alveoli: Emphysema causes loss, not an increase, of alveoli.

Enhanced pulmonary blood flow: Pulmonary blood flow is often impaired due to destruction of capillary beds.

Increased elasticity of lung tissue: Emphysema is characterized by decreased elasticity, leading to air trapping.

Decreased alveolar surface area: The alveoli remain intact; the problem is not structural destruction.

Enhanced diffusion of gases: Gas diffusion is impaired, not enhanced.

Increased alveolar ventilation: Ventilation may be normal, but perfusion is impaired.

Enhancing potassium reabsorption: Aldosterone causes potassium excretion, not reabsorption.

Blocking renin secretion: Aldosterone is part of the RAAS pathway and does not block renin.

Promoting water excretion: Aldosterone indirectly promotes water retention, not excretion.

Reabsorption of water: Water reabsorption occurs mainly in the tubules, not the glomerulus.

Secretion of wastes: Secretion occurs in the renal tubules.

Production of hormones: The kidneys produce hormones like erythropoietin, but not at the glomerulus.

Increased alveolar ventilation: Increased ventilation is typically a compensatory mechanism to combat hypoxemia, not the cause of the impaired gas exchange itself.

Enhanced capillary perfusion: Perfusion refers to blood flow. In ILD, perfusion is often mismatched or decreased due to structural damage; it is not "enhanced" in a way that would cause hypoxemic distress.

Decreased diffusion capacity of CO2: While CO2 diffusion can be affected, CO2 is much more soluble than oxygen. Hypoxemia in ILD is primarily due to the failure of oxygen to diffuse across the thickened membrane.

Provide a high-sodium diet: While increasing sodium intake may eventually be necessary, it is not the immediate priority for a patient showing neurological symptoms (confusion) from dilutional hyponatremia.

Administer hypotonic saline solution: Hypotonic solutions (like 0.45% NaCl) would further lower the sodium concentration, worsening the patient's condition and increasing the risk of cerebral edema.

Encourage the patient to drink more water: This would worsen the hyponatremia by further diluting the extracellular sodium levels.

It assists in the absorption of vitamin A in the liver: Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin absorbed with dietary fats; the liver is a storage site, but intrinsic factor is not involved.

It aids in the absorption of vitamin D in the kidneys: Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin and activated in the kidneys; intrinsic factor plays no role in its metabolism.

It helps in the absorption of vitamin C in the stomach: Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin absorbed primarily in the small intestine via active transport, independent of intrinsic factor.

Wear underwear made from nylon: Nylon traps moisture and heat, which encourages bacterial growth. Cotton underwear is recommended for its breathability.

Use an over-the-counter douche product after intercourse: Douching disrupts the natural flora of the vagina, which can actually increase the risk of infections, including UTIs and yeast infections.

Wait to void until the bladder feels full: To prevent UTIs, patients should be taught to void frequently (every 2–4 hours) and avoid "holding it," which allows bacteria to multiply in the bladder.

Antidiuretic hormone: ADH (vasopressin) is secreted by the posterior pituitary and acts on the kidneys to regulate water retention, not red blood cell production.

Renin: Renin is an enzyme secreted by the kidneys that starts the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) to regulate blood pressure.

Aldosterone: Aldosterone is a hormone from the adrenal cortex that causes the kidneys to retain sodium and water to increase blood pressure.