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The endocrine system uses electrical signals, while the nervous system uses chemical signals.: The endocrine system relies on chemical hormones rather than electrical impulses; electrical signals are a primary feature of neuronal (nervous) communication.

The nervous system generates responses that take longer to occur compared to the endocrine system.: Nervous-system responses are typically rapid and short-lived because of fast electrical conduction and synaptic transmission, whereas endocrine responses are usually slower to start but longer-lasting.

Both systems use hormones for signaling but at different speeds.: While the endocrine system primarily uses hormones, the nervous system mainly uses electrical impulses and neurotransmitters; hormones can modulate neural function but the two systems do not both primarily use hormones.

The nervous system has no influence on pituitary gland secretions.: The hypothalamus, which is part of the nervous system, directly regulates pituitary secretions, so the nervous system does exert control over the pituitary.

The nervous system controls pituitary secretions through adrenal gland signals.: The adrenal glands are downstream endocrine organs influenced by pituitary hormones, not the primary route by which the nervous system controls the pituitary.

The pituitary gland secretes hormones independently of the nervous system.: The pituitary receives regulatory input from the hypothalamus (a neural structure), so pituitary secretion is under significant neuroendocrine control rather than being fully independent.

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH): GHRH from the hypothalamus stimulates growth hormone release from the anterior pituitary, not thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, which regulate the gonads rather than TSH.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH): CRH triggers ACTH release from the anterior pituitary, which acts on the adrenal cortex, not TSH.

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland communicate through the pineal gland.: The pineal gland is a separate endocrine organ primarily involved in melatonin secretion and is not the anatomical connection between hypothalamus and pituitary.

The hypothalamus is not directly connected to the pituitary gland.: The hypothalamus has direct connections: vascular (to the anterior pituitary) and neural (to the posterior pituitary), so a direct connection does exist.

The pituitary gland controls the hypothalamus through neural impulses.: The hypothalamus exerts primary control over the pituitary; although feedback from peripheral hormones can influence hypothalamic activity, the pituitary does not generally send neural impulses that control the hypothalamus.

Aldosterone: Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and water retention in the distal nephron; deficiency can cause salt wasting and volume depletion but is less directly associated with the classic polyuria/polydipsia pattern seen after head trauma.

Oxytocin: Oxytocin primarily affects uterine contraction and milk ejection; deficiency does not typically produce polyuria and polydipsia.

Cortisol: Cortisol influences metabolism and stress responses and, in excess, can cause polyuria via osmotic diuresis from hyperglycemia, but isolated cortisol deficiency or excess is a less direct explanation for sudden polyuria and polydipsia following head trauma compared with ADH loss.

Catecholamines: Catecholamines (such as epinephrine and norepinephrine) are derived from amino acids like tyrosine and act mainly through cell surface receptors, not by entering the cell to affect gene transcription.

Peptide hormones: Peptide hormones are chains of amino acids that bind to receptors on the cell surface because they are not lipid-soluble; they act via secondary messenger systems rather than directly influencing DNA transcription.

Thyroid hormones: Thyroid hormones are amino acid–derived but are lipid-soluble; they can enter cells and influence gene expression, although they are not cholesterol-derived.

Monocytes: Monocytes differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells that perform phagocytosis and antigen presentation but do not produce antibodies.

B lymphocytes: B lymphocytes (B cells) differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies specific to antigens, making them the primary source of antibody production.

T lymphocytes: T lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity, regulating immune responses and directly killing infected cells but not in producing antibodies.

Macrophages: Macrophages perform phagocytosis and antigen presentation to T cells but do not produce antibodies.

T helper cells: T helper cells coordinate the immune response by stimulating B cells and cytotoxic T cells but are not antibody-producing cells themselves.

Neutrophils: Neutrophils are first responders in inflammation and bacterial infection but play no role in antibody production.

To increase blood glucose levels directly: The hypothalamus does not directly raise blood glucose; it regulates hormones that influence this process indirectly via other glands.

To store and release oxytocin: Oxytocin is stored and released by the posterior pituitary, not the hypothalamus itself.

To produce aldosterone: Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, not by the hypothalamus.

The endocrine system is responsible for voluntary actions: Voluntary actions, such as skeletal muscle movement, are controlled by the somatic nervous system, not the endocrine system.

Both systems use the same chemical messengers: The nervous and endocrine systems use different primary messengers—neurotransmitters for neurons and hormones for endocrine glands—although some overlap exists (e.g., norepinephrine).

The endocrine system is faster than the nervous system: The endocrine system typically acts more slowly because hormones travel through the bloodstream, while the nervous system acts rapidly via electrical impulses.