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Open shades on windows in the client's room to provide direct lighting. Direct lighting can cause glare, which may worsen vision impairment. It is better to use indirect lighting to avoid glare.

Use gestures to communicate with the client. While gestures can be useful for some individuals, they are not as effective for clients with vision impairment who may not be able to see them clearly.

Speak loudly when talking to the client. There is no need to speak loudly unless the client also has a hearing impairment. Speaking loudly could be perceived as shouting, which may be uncomfortable for the client.

Social worker: Social workers assist with social, emotional, and financial aspects of care, but they do not manage tracheostomies.

Occupational therapist: Occupational therapists help clients with activities of daily living and adaptive equipment but do not manage tracheostomies.

Registered dietitian: Dietitians focus on nutritional care and are not involved in tracheostomy management.

The nurse coats the indwelling urinary catheter with lubricant. This is correct procedure and requires no intervention. Lubricating the catheter reduces friction and discomfort during insertion.

The nurse applies the sterile drape prior to inserting the urinary catheter. This is correct procedure and requires no intervention. The sterile drape maintains a sterile field.

The nurse provides perineal care prior to inserting the urinary catheter. This is correct procedure and requires no intervention. Perineal care reduces the risk of introducing bacteria into the urinary tract.

Lactulose: Lactulose is used to reduce blood ammonia levels in hepatic encephalopathy, not to reduce potassium levels. It is not appropriate for treating hyperkalemia.

Sevelamer: Sevelamer is a phosphate binder used in clients with chronic kidney disease to lower serum phosphorus levels, not potassium. It is not appropriate for treating hyperkalemia.

Darbepoetin alfa: Darbepoetin alfa is a synthetic erythropoietin used to treat anemia associated with chronic kidney disease. It is not used to treat hyperkalemia.

"Your colostomy will not produce formed stool." A sigmoid colostomy is located in the lower part of the large intestine where stool is typically more formed. Therefore, this statement is incorrect and should not be included in the teaching.

"You should expect your stoma to be a purple color." A healthy stoma should be pink or red and moist. A purple, dusky, or dark color may indicate compromised blood flow to the stoma and is a sign of a medical emergency. This statement is incorrect.

"The end of the stoma will be painful after this procedure." The stoma itself does not have nerve endings, so it should not be painful. Pain around the incision site may occur, but the stoma itself should not be painful. This statement is incorrect.

"I will need to empty my bladder regularly and completely." Regular and complete bladder emptying helps to flush bacteria from the urinary tract, reducing the risk of UTIs. This statement indicates correct understanding and does not need further teaching.

"I need to drink 8 cups of liquid each day." Adequate fluid intake helps to dilute urine and flush out bacteria, reducing the risk of UTIs. This statement is correct and does not need further teaching.

"I will need to drink apple cider vinegar each day." Although apple cider vinegar is sometimes suggested as a home remedy, there is no strong evidence supporting its use in UTI prevention. However, this statement does not indicate a harmful practice and may not necessarily need further teaching unless it is replacing evidence-based methods. The key incorrect statement is related to wiping technique.

Moist skin: Dehydration typically causes dry skin due to reduced fluid volume, not moist skin. This finding is not expected in a dehydrated client.

Distended neck veins: Dehydration typically causes flat or collapsed neck veins due to decreased blood volume. Distended neck veins are more associated with fluid overload or heart failure. This finding is not expected.

High blood pressure: Dehydration often leads to low blood pressure due to reduced blood volume. High blood pressure is not typically associated with dehydration.

Urge incontinence: Urge incontinence is characterized by a sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by involuntary urine loss. It is often associated with an overactive bladder, not nerve damage.

Stress incontinence: Stress incontinence involves urine leakage during physical activity or exertion (e.g., coughing, sneezing) that increases abdominal pressure. It is not typically related to nerve damage.

Overflow incontinence: Overflow incontinence occurs when the bladder is unable to empty properly, leading to dribbling of urine. It is often seen in conditions where the bladder muscles are weak or there is an obstruction. While it can be related to nerve damage, reflex incontinence is more accurate for this scenario.

The skin around the stoma is red: Redness around the stoma may indicate skin irritation, which is common but typically managed with proper skin care and is not always an urgent concern. However, if the redness is severe or associated with other symptoms, it should be monitored. Reporting may be necessary if it worsens.

The ostomy is draining frequently: Frequent drainage may be expected depending on the location of the colostomy and the client’s diet. While it should be monitored, frequent drainage alone does not necessarily indicate a problem that needs to be reported.

The stool is yellow-green: The color of stool can vary depending on diet, the location of the colostomy, and bile presence. Yellow-green stool is often expected in higher colostomies and may not need to be reported unless it is a sudden change.