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Filtration: Filtration occurs in the glomeruli of the kidneys, not in the bladder.

Reabsorption: Reabsorption happens in the renal tubules after filtration in the kidneys.

Buffering of H+: Buffering of hydrogen ions occurs in the kidneys and blood, not in the bladder.

Causes a deficiency of intrinsic factor and pernicious anemia: Intrinsic factor is produced in the stomach, not the liver. Its deficiency leads to pernicious anemia.

Causes lactose intolerance: Lactose intolerance is due to lactase deficiency in the small intestine.

Causes gastric reflux: Gastroesophageal reflux is typically due to lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction.

Urinary incontinence: Incontinence refers to loss of bladder control, not urine composition.

Urinary retention: Retention means incomplete bladder emptying; while it can lead to infection, it doesn’t directly cause cloudy, smelly urine unless infection is present.

Urinary frequency: This is a symptom of a urinary disorder but does not change the appearance or smell of the urine by itself.

Decreases GFR (glomerular filtration rate): Diuretics do not usually decrease GFR; some may slightly increase or maintain it.

Activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: Diuretics often reduce blood volume, which might trigger RAAS as a compensatory mechanism, but activation of RAAS is not the drug’s direct action.

Causes the release of ADH: Diuretics counteract the action of ADH by promoting diuresis.

“You don't need a colonoscopy unless you have bleeding when you move your bowels.”: This delays screening and ignores current guidelines.

“You don't need a colonoscopy unless you have a family history of colon cancer.”: Screening is recommended for average-risk individuals regardless of family history.

“You need to get a colonoscopy when you are 60 years old.”: This is later than current guidelines recommend.

Nothing, it's just a pass through to the next structure: The stomach plays a critical role in digestion through mixing and secretion of gastric juices.

The food moves quickly into the small intestine: Food stays in the stomach for a period of time for processing before gradually passing into the small intestine.

The food is completely digested and is absorbed by tiny blood vessels in the walls of the stomach: Most digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine, not the stomach.

Absorption: Absorption refers to nutrients being taken into the bloodstream, mainly in the intestines.

Peristalsis: Peristalsis is the muscular movement of food through the digestive tract, not chewing.

Regulation: Regulation refers to control mechanisms in digestion but not to the act of chewing.

Urethra: The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body—part of the “plumbing.”

Ureters: These are tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Urinary bladder: The bladder stores urine and is considered part of the urinary “plumbing.”

Gallbladder: The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile but does not produce it.

Spleen: The spleen is part of the immune system and blood filtration, not digestion.

Pancreas: The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and insulin, not bile.

Decreased GFR (glomerular filtration rate): A low GFR would reduce urine output, not increase it.

Over secretion of aldosterone: Aldosterone promotes sodium and water reabsorption, which decreases urine output.

Activation of angiotensinogen: This leads to vasoconstriction and aldosterone release, promoting water retention, not polyuria.