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The superior and inferior vena cava carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium, not oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

The aorta carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to the rest of the body but does not return it to the heart.

The pulmonary arteries transport deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation, not the other way around.

The collecting duct comes much later in the nephron pathway, receiving filtrate after the distal convoluted tubule. It is not the immediate successor to the proximal convoluted tubule.

The glomerulus is the site where blood filtration begins, preceding the proximal convoluted tubule, so the filtrate does not return here.

Bowman's capsule collects the initial filtrate from the glomerulus before it enters the proximal convoluted tubule, making it an earlier step in the nephron process.

K+ levels typically decrease in respiratory alkalosis due to cellular shifts in potassium as the body compensates for the pH change.

HCO3 (bicarbonate) levels initially decrease as a compensatory mechanism to counteract the increased pH, but it is not a direct characteristic of respiratory alkalosis.

Ca2+ (calcium) levels can be affected by pH changes, but a decrease in ionized calcium is more commonly seen in alkalosis, not an increase.

A vesicle is involved in the transport of substances within or out of the cell via processes like endocytosis or exocytosis but does not directly permit ion passage across the membrane.

An enzyme catalyzes chemical reactions and is not directly involved in the transport of ions across the cell membrane.

A lysosome is an organelle responsible for digesting and breaking down waste materials within the cell, not for ion transport across the membrane.

The primary follicle is an earlier stage in the development of the ovarian follicle, not the structure that forms after ovulation.

The zygote is the result of fertilization, formed when the sperm and egg unite, but it does not form from the follicle after ovulation.

The oocyte is the egg cell itself, which is released during ovulation, but it is not the structure that forms from the follicle after ovulation.

The pulmonic valve separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery, controlling blood flow to the lungs, not the right atrium from the right ventricle.

The aortic valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta, controlling blood flow from the heart to the body, not between the atrium and ventricle.

The mitral valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle, controlling blood flow in the left side of the heart.

Vitamin B12 is not synthesized in the skin. It is primarily absorbed through the digestive system from dietary sources such as meat and dairy products.

Vitamin A is obtained from dietary sources, such as fruits and vegetables, and is not synthesized in the skin.

Vitamin K is primarily absorbed from food and produced by bacteria in the intestines, not synthesized in the skin.

The ovaries are responsible for producing hormones such as estrogen and progesterone but do not directly produce lubrication during sexual excitement.

The cervix produces mucus that changes in consistency throughout the menstrual cycle but does not play a significant role in lubrication during sexual activity.

Skene's glands, located near the urethra, secrete fluid that is often compared to prostate fluid in males, but they do not play the primary role in vaginal lubrication during sexual excitement.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant antibody in the blood and plays a key role in the body's defense against bacterial and viral infections, but it is not directly involved in allergic reactions.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the first antibody produced during an initial immune response, primarily involved in fighting infections, but it does not play a major role in allergic reactions.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is primarily found in mucosal areas such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, where it helps prevent infections, but it is not directly involved in allergic responses.

The heart is composed of cardiac muscle tissue, not smooth muscle. Cardiac muscle is specialized for rhythmic contractions to pump blood.

The rectus abdominis is composed of skeletal muscle tissue, which is voluntary and allows for movement of the trunk.

The pectoralis major is composed of skeletal muscle tissue, which allows for voluntary control of arm movements.