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Race refers to physical characteristics such as skin color, facial features, and hair texture. It is a biological classification and does not encompass shared values or practices.

Ethnicity relates more specifically to shared ancestry, language, history, and cultural heritage, but it is narrower than the broader concept of culture.

Social group refers to a collection of individuals who interact and share certain norms, but it does not necessarily imply a shared system of values, beliefs, and institutions as described in the question.

Improved inflammatory response is not a typical long-term consequence of pain. Chronic pain can actually exacerbate inflammation or disrupt normal immune responses.

Hyposensitivity to pain; Chronic pain often leads to hypersensitivity, where the nervous system becomes more sensitive to pain stimuli, not less.

Increased motor performance is unlikely. Chronic pain often reduces physical activity, coordination, and function due to discomfort and protective behaviors.

Returning the blocks to the same spot on the table may demonstrate motor memory or imitation, but it is not specific to object permanence.

Recognizing that a ball of clay is the same when flattened out reflects an understanding of conservation, which develops much later (around age 7), not during infancy.

Banging two cubes held in her hands shows motor skill development and coordination but is not related to object permanence.

Radial pulse is not as reliable in children under 2 years old because it can be weak and hard to detect.

Carotid pulse is typically used in emergency situations (like assessing circulation during CPR) and is not ideal for routine vital signs in infants due to the risk of compressing the airway.

Femoral pulse may be used to assess circulation in the lower extremities but is not the best choice for measuring pulse rate.

Initiative vs. Guilt is the stage associated with preschool-aged children (approximately 3–6 years), where they begin to assert power and control through play and social interactions.

Industry vs. Inferiority occurs during the school-age years (approximately 6–12 years) when children focus on developing skills and competence.

Trust vs. Mistrust is the stage for infants (birth to around 1 year), when they learn whether or not they can trust caregivers to meet their needs.

Erikson developed the psychosocial stages of development, which focus on social and emotional growth across the lifespan.

Kohlberg developed a theory of moral development, focusing on how individuals develop a sense of right and wrong.

Fowler proposed a theory of spiritual development, describing stages of faith across the lifespan.

Solitary play is typical of toddlers and infants who play alone and are not yet interested in interacting with others.

Parallel play occurs in toddlers who play side-by-side but do not directly interact with each other.

Associative play is common in preschoolers, where children interact and share toys but do not work toward a common goal.

Be firm when administering the medication or the child will not cooperate is inappropriate for a 2-month-old who cannot understand firmness and may become more distressed.

Explain to the child what the medication is for and why it is important is ineffective because infants at this age cannot comprehend explanations.

Ask the parents to hold the child down to administer the medication is not recommended unless absolutely necessary; gentle handling is preferred.