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Both decrease: While bicarbonate decreases, the anion gap specifically increases due to the accumulation of ketoacids.

Both increase: Bicarbonate is consumed to buffer the acid, so its levels must drop.

Anion gap decreases, HCO3 increases: This describes a state of alkalosis or recovery, the opposite of DKA.

Chloride: Chloride is an electrolyte involved in fluid balance and acid-base status, but it does not exert significant oncotic pressure.

Phosphate: This is an intracellular anion important for bone and ATP, not vascular oncotic pressure.

Potassium: Potassium is the primary intracellular cation; it regulates cell membrane potential rather than vascular oncotic pressure.

Hypokalemia: The patient’s potassium is 4.0 mmol/L, which is within the normal range (3.5–5.0 mmol/L).

Hyperkalemia: The potassium level is normal.

Hyponatremia: This refers to low sodium (typically <135 mmol/L).

Lyme disease: Caused by ticks; usually presents with a "bullseye" rash and joint pain, not primary destruction of RBCs.

West Nile virus: This is primarily a neurological/febrile illness and does not cause significant hemolysis.

H1N1 flu: This is a respiratory virus.

Hyperchloremia: Usually asymptomatic or associated with metabolic acidosis, but not typically characterized by palpitations and diarrhea.

Hypophosphatemia: Usually causes profound muscle weakness and respiratory failure, but not diarrhea.

Hyponatremia: Primarily presents with neurological symptoms like confusion and seizures due to cerebral edema.

GI (Diarrhea): While dehydration causes hypernatremia, diarrhea is a cause, not usually a primary clinical manifestation of the high sodium itself.

GI (Constipation): While common in dehydration, the "hallmark" symptoms of sodium imbalance are neurological.

Neurological (Numbness): Numbness and tingling (paresthesia) are more commonly associated with calcium or potassium imbalances.

A type of cell that makes hormones and enzymes: This describes endocrine cells (for hormones) or various exocrine/digestive cells (for enzymes), not immune cells.

Cells that release histamine during the inflammatory response: This describes mast cells and basophils, which trigger allergic and inflammatory reactions.

Cells that eat pathogens and destroy them: This describes phagocytes, such as Macrophages and Neutrophils, which "eat" (engulf) cellular debris and bacteria.

The process by which the body automatically reacts to tissue injured by trauma or bacteria: This specifically describes the inflammatory response, which is a part of innate immunity, but not the definition of the system as a whole.

The set of proteins that enhance the ability of the body to initiate the inflammatory response, attack a pathogen, and remove damaged cell material: This describes the complement system, a specific group of proteins in the blood.

The process in which endothelial cells are separated from each other, making the capillaries larger: This describes increased capillary permeability, a physiological change that occurs during inflammation.

Vasodilation: This is only one component of the reaction (the widening of blood vessels), not the entire process.

Innate immunity: This is the broad category of defense, but the specific "automatic reaction to injury" is the inflammatory response.

Adaptive or acquired immunity: This system deals with specific "memory" of pathogens and takes days or weeks to develop; it is not the immediate reaction to physical trauma.

Dominant: Dominance refers to the relationship between alleles where one masks the expression of another; it doesn't describe the state of having two identical alleles.

Heterozygous: "Hetero-" means different. This describes a gene where the two alleles are different (e.g., Aa).

Recessive: A recessive allele is one that is only expressed physically if the individual is homozygous for that trait (aa), but the term itself doesn't define the act of inheriting two of the same alleles.