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Microbiology quiz

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Total Questions : 25

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Question 1:

refers to chains of spherical bacterial cells while clusters of spherical cells are called

Answer and Explanation

Explanation

A. Diplococcus: Refers to spherical bacteria arranged in pairs (two cells). This does not describe chains.
B. Staphylococcus, streptococcus: Staphylococcus describes clusters of cocci and Streptococcus describes chains -this choice reverses the order asked (chains - clusters).
C. Streptococcus, staphylococcus: Strepto- are chains of spherical cells and Staphylo- are clusters of spherical cells.
D. Micrococcus, diplococcus: Micrococcus is a genus of cocci (often in tetrads or irregular clusters) and diplococcus means pairs.

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Question 2:

Which of the following is not a structure of the T even bacteriophage?

A. collar B. spores C. tail pins D. None of the above

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Collar: T-even bacteriophages (e.g., T4) have a collar/neck region between the head and tail.

Choice B:

Spores: Spores are produced by bacteria (endospores) or fungi, not part of a bacteriophage’s anatomy.

Choice C:

Tail pins: T-even phages have a baseplate with tail pins/spikes used for attachment.

Choice D:

None of the above: This option does not apply because spores are not part of a bacteriophage.

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Question 3:

When the phage nucleic acid is incorporated into the nucleic acid of its host and is Replicated when the host DNA is replicated, this is considered part of which cycle?

A. Lytic cycle B. Virulence cycle C. Lysogenic cycle D. Cell cycle

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Lytic cycle: In the lytic cycle the phage takes over, replicates separately, and lyses the host -it does not integrate into host DNA.

Choice B:

Virulence cycle: Not a standard term for integration; usually refers to virulent (lytic) behaviour.

Choice C:

Lysogenic cycle: In the lysogenic cycle the phage genome integrates into the host chromosome as a prophage and is replicated with host DNA.

Choice D:

Cell cycle: Refers to host cell division processes, not the phage integration process.

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Question 4:

The hereditary material of most bacteria is contained in the:

A. Chromosome B. Membrane C. Flagella D. Axial filament

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Chromosome: Most bacteria carry their hereditary material in a single, circular chromosome (nucleoid).

Choice B:

Membrane: The cell membrane contains metabolic machinery but not the main hereditary DNA in bacteria.

Choice C:

Flagella: Flagella are motility structures and do not contain the bacterial genome.

Choice D:

Axial filament: Axial filaments (in spirochetes) are motility structures, not genetic material.

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Question 5:

Fungi produce which structures for reproduction and multiplication?

A. Endospores B. Cysts C. Spores D. Eggs

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Endospores: Endospores are resistant survival forms produced by some bacteria (e.g., Bacillus, Clostridium), not a fungal reproductive structure.

Choice B:

Cysts: Cysts are dormant/survival forms often seen in protozoa; fungi typically reproduce via spores.

Choice C:

Spores: Fungi reproduce and disperse primarily via spores (asexual and sexual types such as conidia, sporangiospores, ascospores, basidiospores).

Choice D:

Eggs: Eggs are multicellular reproductive cells of animals; fungi don’t produce eggs as their main reproductive units.

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Question 6:

Which of the following structures is NOT found in external structure of prokaryotic cells?

A. flagella B. axial filaments C. pilli D. cilium

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

flagella: Long, whip-like external appendages used for motility in many prokaryotes.

Choice B:

axial filaments: Found in spirochetes as endoflagella that run lengthwise beneath the outer sheath and enable corkscrew motility.

Choice C:

pilli: Hairlike external structures (commonly spelled pili) used for attachment and conjugation.

Choice D:

cilium: Hairlike motility structures built from microtubules (9+2) found on eukaryotic cells and not present in prokaryotes.

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Question 7:

You are performing a Gram stain on gram-positive bacteria and you stop after the addition of the first dye. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point?

A. purple B. red C. colorless D. brown

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

purple: Crystal violet is the primary dye; gram-positive cells retain it and appear purple after the first dye.

Choice B:

red: Red (safranin) is the counterstain applied later and is not the appearance after the first dye.

Choice C:

colorless: Cells become colorless only after decolorization if they do not retain the primary dye (typical of gram-negative), not after the first dye in gram-positive.

Choice D:

brown: Brown is not a standard color outcome in the Gram staining sequence.

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Question 8:

The nucleic acid of a virus is

A. DNA only B. RNA only C. DNA and RNA D. Either DNA or RNA

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

DNA only: Some viruses have DNA genomes, but this statement excludes RNA viruses.

Choice B:

RNA only: Some viruses have RNA genomes, but this statement excludes DNA viruses.

Choice C:

DNA and RNA: Individual virions generally do not contain both DNA and RNA as their genome.

Choice D:

Either DNA or RNA: Viral genomes are composed of either DNA or RNA (single- or double-stranded), but not both in the same virion.

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Question 9:

Energy is stored (energy depot) as:

A. ATP B. ADP C. ATP and ADP D. ATP or ADP

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

ATP: Adenosine triphosphate is the primary cellular energy carrier; energy is stored in its high-energy phosphate bonds.

Choice B:

ADP: Adenosine diphosphate contains less stored energy than ATP and is a product of ATP hydrolysis.

Choice C:

ATP and ADP: Both are present in cells, but ATP is the principal form in which usable chemical energy is stored.

Choice D:

ATP or ADP: Energy is principally stored as ATP rather than ADP.

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Question 10:

The predominant organic molecule in cells is:

A. Carbohydrate B. Protein C. Lipid D. None of the above

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Carbohydrate: Carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural components but are not the predominant organic macromolecule by mass.

Choice B:

Protein: Proteins make up the largest proportion of cell organic material by mass and perform the majority of structural and functional roles.

Choice C:

Lipid: Lipids are important for membranes and energy storage but are not the predominant organic component overall.

Choice D:

None of the above: Not applicable because one of the listed categories (proteins) is the predominant organic molecule in cells.

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Microbiology quiz

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