A. This is not a typical preoperative instruction for retinal detachment surgery. Pupil constriction is not directly related to the procedure.
B. This is crucial to prevent further damage to the retina. Sudden head movements can exacerbate the detachment.
C. Cool compresses are not typically recommended before retinal detachment surgery. They may not have a significant impact on the condition.
D. While eye patches might be used post-operatively to protect the eyes, it's not a common preoperative instruction.

A. Glucagon actually counteracts the effects of insulin by raising blood sugar levels.
B. Lipoatrophy is a condition where fat tissue breaks down at injection sites. Glucagon does not treat this condition.
C. This is also incorrect. Glucagon has the opposite effect of insulin, lowering blood sugar levels.
D. Glucagon is a hormone that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, making it effective in treating severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) that can occur due to an insulin overdose.

A. Congenital cataracts are present at birth and are relatively rare. In older adults, cataracts are primarily associated with age-related changes rather than congenital factors.
B. While certain medications used to treat asthma, like corticosteroids, can contribute to the development of cataracts, asthma itself is not a direct cause of cataracts. This connection is not strong enough to be considered a common cause.
C. While eye injuries can lead to cataract formation, they are not the most common cause, especially in the older adult population. Most cataracts develop due to age-related changes rather than trauma.
D. The most prevalent cause of cataracts, especially in older adults, is aging. As people get older, changes in the lens of the eye can lead to clouding, resulting in cataracts. Factors like UV exposure, smoking, and certain medical conditions may also contribute, but aging is the primary and most common factor.

A. Primary hypertension, also known as essential hypertension, is characterized by high blood pressure that does not have a known secondary cause. It accounts for the majority of hypertension cases and is thought to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
B. While treatment is important for all forms of hypertension to prevent complications, this statement is somewhat misleading. The term "essential" in primary hypertension refers to the lack of a specific identifiable cause, not that it is necessarily more critical to treat than other forms of hypertension.
C. This definition describes secondary hypertension, not primary hypertension. Secondary hypertension results from an identifiable underlying condition, such as kidney disease or hormonal disorders.
D. Primary hypertension can vary in severity, but it is not exclusively severe or life-threatening. While uncontrolled hypertension can lead to serious complications, primary hypertension itself does not automatically imply a critical state.

A. While this can be helpful for managing pain and inflammation, it's not a universal recommendation and should be discussed with a healthcare provider.
B. This is important to prevent stomach upset, a common side effect of many anti-inflammatory medications.
C. Regular, low-impact exercise is crucial for maintaining joint function and reducing stiffness in people with rheumatoid arthritis.
D. While weight-bearing activities might need to be modified or avoided during flare-ups, complete avoidance of weight-bearing activity can lead to muscle weakness and further joint problems.

A. Edema (swelling due to fluid accumulation) is not a primary manifestation of scabies. While secondary infections can lead to localized swelling, edema is not characteristic of scabies itself.
B. Maceration refers to the softening and breaking down of skin resulting from prolonged exposure to moisture. While it can occur if the skin is scratched and becomes wet, it is not a primary clinical manifestation of scabies.
C. Redness (erythema) can occur due to scratching and irritation, but it is not the defining feature of scabies. While some redness may be present, it is not the primary symptom that indicates scabies infestation.
D. The primary clinical manifestation of scabies is intense pruritus (itching), which is often worse at night. The itching is a result of an allergic reaction to the mites and their waste products, leading to discomfort and a strong urge to scratch.

A. While keeping the infant content is important for overall well-being, it's not the primary focus for eczema care.
B. Antibiotics are not typically used for eczema, as it's not a bacterial infection.
C. Eczema can cause the skin to become cracked and open, making it susceptible to infection. Therefore, preventing infection is a priority.
D. While good nutrition is important for overall health, it's not the primary concern in managing eczema

A. While fever and anorexia can occur with active TB, a fever of more than 104°F is uncommon. Typically, TB may cause a low-grade fever rather than such a high temperature. Anorexia is also present, but this option does not fully capture the classic symptoms of active TB.
B. These symptoms are not typical of tuberculosis. Headaches and photophobia are more associated with conditions affecting the central nervous system, such as meningitis or migraines. They do not specifically relate to active TB.
C. These symptoms are classic indicators of active tuberculosis. Fatigue and night sweats are common, and hemoptysis (coughing up blood) is a serious symptom that can occur in pulmonary TB. This combination of symptoms is a hallmark of the disease and would prompt further investigation.
D. While chest pain can occur due to lung involvement in TB, lower back pain is not a typical symptom of pulmonary TB. Chest pain might be experienced, but it is not as definitive as the other symptoms associated with active TB.

A. Thiazide diuretics can lead to hypokalemia (low potassium levels) as they increase potassium excretion in the urine. Therefore, increasing potassium intake is crucial to prevent hypokalemia and its associated complications, such as arrhythmias.
B. While magnesium levels can also be affected by diuretics, it's not as significant as potassium depletion.
C. Thiazide diuretics can actually increase calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to potential hypercalcemia. Therefore, increasing calcium intake is not recommended.
D. Thiazide diuretics are used to reduce sodium and water retention, so increasing sodium intake would counteract their effect.

A. The area should be cleansed gently before applying the cream to remove any irritants and allow for better absorption of the medication. Proper cleansing can help enhance the effectiveness of the corticosteroid.
B. Topical corticosteroids should be applied in a thin layer to the affected area and gently rubbed in. Applying too much can increase the risk of side effects, and a thin application ensures better absorption without overwhelming the skin.
C. The corticosteroid should be applied only to the affected areas of the skin, not the entire body. Overuse can lead to systemic absorption and potential side effects, particularly in children, whose skin is more permeable.
D. While it is important to cover the affected areas, applying a thick layer is not recommended. A thin layer is usually sufficient and minimizes the risk of side effects from excessive corticosteroid use.