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Rationale: Schedule II medications are those with a high potential for abuse and dependence, but have accepted medical uses. They require a written prescription from a licensed prescriber, except in an emergency situation when a telephone or fax order is allowed. However, the written prescription must follow within 72 hours. Schedule II medications cannot be refilled; a new prescription is required for each dispensing.

Rationale: Zolpidem is a sedative-hypnotic medication that acts on the central nervous system to induce sleep. It has a low potential for abuse and dependence, but it can still cause withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia, and seizures if discontinued abruptly. Therefore, the medication should be tapered off gradually under the supervision of a prescriber.

Rationale: Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that binds to opioid receptors and displaces opioids from them, thereby reversing their effects. It is used as an antidote for opioid overdose and can rapidly restore respiration and consciousness.

Rationale: Oxycodone is an opioid analgesic that acts on the central nervous system to relieve pain. It also has peripheral effects, such as decreasing gastrointestinal motility and secretion, which can cause constipation. The nurse should advise the client to increase fluid and fiber intake, exercise regularly, and use stool softeners or laxatives as needed to prevent or treat constipation.

Rationale: Grapefruit juice can inhibit the metabolism of diazepam, a benzodiazepine that acts on the central nervous system to reduce anxiety and induce sedation. This can increase the blood levels and effects of diazepam, which can lead to excessive sedation, respiratory depression, and overdose. The client should avoid grapefruit juice and other citrus fruits while taking this medication.

Rationale: Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic that acts on the central nervous system to reduce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia. It also has a low potential for abuse and dependence, which is why it is classified as a Schedule V medication. However, it can cause agranulocytosis, a life-threatening condition characterized by a severe decrease in white blood cells that increases the risk of infection. The nurse should monitor the client's complete blood count (CBC) regularly and report any signs of infection such as fever, sore throat, or mouth ulcers.

Rationale: The nurse should follow all of these actions to ensure the safe and legal administration of controlled substances. These actions help prevent medication errors, diversion, and misuse of controlled substances.

Rationale: The nurse should provide all of these responses to educate the client about the risks and alternatives of taking zolpidem, a controlled substance. Taking more than the prescribed dose can lead to physical and psychological dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms, which can be dangerous and unpleasant. Changing the medication may be necessary if zolpidem is not effective for the client's insomnia, as there may be other underlying causes or better options for treatment. Trying some nonpharmacological methods can also help improve sleep quality and reduce reliance on medications.

Rationale: The nurse should make all of these statements to discourage
the client from sharing their medication with others. Sharing controlled substances with others is illegal and can result in criminal charges, fines, or imprisonment for both parties. It can also cause harm to others who may have different medical conditions, allergies, or interactions with other medications. Methylphenidate is a stimulant that can cause adverse effects such as increased blood pressure, heart rate, anxiety, insomnia, and appetite suppression. It can also be addictive and abused by some people. Therefore, it should only be taken by a person who has a valid prescription and under the supervision of a psychiatrist who can monitor the dosage, effectiveness, and side effects.