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Hesi RN exit exam
Total Questions : 130
Showing 20 questions, Sign in for moreThe nurse is reviewing the plan of care for a newly admitted client who is intoxicated on admission. Which findings should the nurse include as indicators to begin implementing the detoxification medication protocol?
While caring for a client after a small bowel resection, the nurse is informed that the client has a history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). To reduce the risk of recurrence of the MRSA in the postoperative wound, which intervention is most important for the nurse to implement?
A client with foul-smelling drainage from an incision on the upper left arm is admitted with a suspected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Which nursing intervention(s) should the nurse include in the plan of care? Select all that apply.
The nurse is demonstrating correct transfer procedures to the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) working on a rehabilitation unit. The UAP asks the nurse how to safely move a physically disabled client from the wheelchair to a bed. Which action should the nurse recommend?
The nurse is caring for a client who receives a prescription for parenteral lidocaine. Prior to administering the medication, the nurse should review the medical record for which condition?
A 35-year-old female client, who works as a legal secretary, presents to the outpatient clinic for assessment of consistent pain in her hands. The client reports that the pain is the same in both hands and wrists but is worse upon waking. The pain and stiffness have been going on for the past 3 months. She reports that she thinks she has arthritis because her mother and grandmother both have arthritis. The client has a history of asthma, well controlled and does not take any medications other than an albuterol inhaler when sickness exacerbates asthma. Denies smoking or drinking alcohol. Mother and grandmother have history of arthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hobbies include gardening, crocheting, and reading.
Day 1
0930:
Assessment
Neurological: Alert and oriented to person, place, time, and situation.
Cardiovascular: Normal heart tones. Radial and pedal pulses 2+. Capillary refill 2 seconds.
Respiratory: Clear breath sounds bilaterally.
Gastrointestinal: Within normal limits (WNL).
Genitourinary: WNL
Musculoskeletal: Pain in bilateral hands and wrists, worsens with palpation
Day 1
0930:
Temperature: 98.6° F (37° C) orally
Heart rate: 75 beats/minute
Respirations: 16 breaths/minute
Blood pressure: 110/75 mm Hg
Oxygen saturation: 95% on room air
Pain: 3 on a 0 to 10 scale, bilateral hands
Height: 5 ft 3 in (160 cm)
Weight: 175 lb (87.5 kg)
Body mass index (BMI): 31 kg/m2 (normal 18 to 24.9 kg/m2)
Which information from the history and physical, nurses' note, and flow sheet requires further evaluation? Select all that apply.
A 35-year-old female client, who works as a legal secretary, presents to the outpatient clinic for assessment of consistent pain in her hands. The client reports that the pain is the same in both hands and wrists but is worse upon waking. The pain and stiffness have been going on for the past 3 months. She reports that she thinks she has arthritis because her mother and grandmother both have arthritis. The client has a history of asthma, well controlled and does not take any medications other than an albuterol inhaler when sickness exacerbates asthma. Denies smoking or drinking alcohol. Mother and grandmother have history of arthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hobbies include gardening, crocheting, and reading.
Day 1
0930:
Neurological: Alert and oriented to person, place, time, and situation.
Cardiovascular: Normal heart tones. Radial and pedal pulses 2+. Capillary refill 2 seconds.
Respiratory: Clear breath sounds bilaterally.
Gastrointestinal: Within normal limits (WNL).
Genitourinary: WNL
Musculoskeletal: Pain in bilateral hands and wrists, worsens with palpation.
Day 1
0930:
Temperature: 98.6° F (37° C) orally
Heart rate: 75 beats/minute
Respirations: 16 breaths/minute
Blood pressure: 110/75 mm Hg
Oxygen saturation: 95% on room air
Pain: 3 on a 0 to 10 scale, bilateral hands
Height: 5 ft 3 in (160 cm)
Weight: 175 lb (87.5 kg)
Body mass index (BMI): 31 kg/m2 (normal 18 to 24.9 kg/m2)
The nurse reviews the history and physical, the nurses' notes, and the flow sheet to help determine what is causing the client's symptoms.
For each listed finding, click to indicate whether the finding is associated with arthritis or carpal tunnel syndrome. Each column must have at least one response option selected.
Explanation
Rationale:
- Can be caused by aging: Both arthritis and carpal tunnel syndrome are linked to aging. In arthritis, wear and tear on joints over time causes conditions like osteoarthritis. Carpal tunnel syndrome increases with age due to changes in wrist anatomy and nerve compression.
- Inflammatory disease process: Arthritis, especially rheumatoid arthritis, is inflammatory, causing joint pain and damage. Carpal tunnel syndrome, however, is caused by mechanical compression of the median nerve, not by inflammation.
- Finger numbness: Numbness in the fingers is common with carpal tunnel syndrome due to median nerve compression. While arthritis can cause pain and stiffness in joints, it does not typically cause finger numbness unless there's significant nerve involvement.
- Experience difficulty with fine motor movements: Both conditions can impair fine motor skills. Arthritis causes pain and stiffness in joints, while carpal tunnel syndrome affects nerve function, leading to weakness and difficulty performing precise tasks like writing or holding small objects.
- May have a genetic component: Arthritis has a genetic predisposition. Carpal tunnel syndrome does not have a strong genetic link but can be influenced by individual anatomical factors, such as a narrower carpal tunnel.
A 35-year-old female client, who works as a legal secretary, presents to the outpatient clinic for assessment of consistent pain in her hands. The client reports that the pain is the same in both hands and wrists but is worse upon waking. The pain and stiffness have been going on for the past 3 months. She reports that she thinks she has arthritis because her mother and grandmother both have arthritis. The client has a history of asthma, well controlled and does not take any medications other than an albuterol inhaler when sickness exacerbates asthma. Denies smoking or drinking alcohol. Mother and grandmother have history of arthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hobbies include gardening, crocheting, and reading.
Day 1
0930:
Neurological: Alert and oriented to person, place, time, and situation.
Cardiovascular: Normal heart tones. Radial and pedal pulses 2+. Capillary refill 2 seconds.
Respiratory: Clear breath sounds bilaterally.
Gastrointestinal: Within normal limits (WNL).
Genitourinary: WNL
Musculoskeletal: Pain in bilateral hands and wrists, worsens with palpation.
0945:
The healthcare provider (HCP) has evaluated the client and placed prescriptions.
1030:
Client is sent home to get laboratory specimens and x-rays and told to return in one week to obtain results.
Day 1
0930:
Temperature: 98.6° F (37° C) orally
Heart rate: 75 beats/minute
Respirations: 16 breaths/minute
Blood pressure: 110/75 mm Hg
Oxygen saturation: 95% on room air
Pain: 3 on a 0 to 10 scale, bilateral hands
Height: 5 ft 3 in (160 cm)
Weight: 175 lb (87.5 kg)
Body mass index (BMI): 31 kg/m2 (normal 18 to 24.9 kg/m2)
Day 1
1030:
Laboratory: Complete blood count (CBC), rheumatoid factor, total antinuclear antibody (ANA), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
X-rays of bilateral hands
Ibuprofen 600 mg PO every 6 hours PRN for pain
Day 2
1030:
X-rays of bilateral hands: Soft tissue swelling, marginal erosions in bilateral hands and wrists.
Day 2
1030:
|
Laboratory Test |
Result |
Reference Range |
|
Rheumatoid factor |
Positive |
Negative |
|
Antinuclear antibody |
Positive |
Negative |
|
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
35 mm/hr |
Less than or equal to 20 mm/hr |
|
White blood cells |
7,000/mm3(7.0 X 10^9/L) |
5,000 to 10,000/mm3 (5.0 to 10.0 x 10^9/L) |
|
Hemoglobin |
14 g/dL (140 g/L) |
12 to 16 g/dL (120 to 160 g/L) |
|
Hematocrit |
38% |
37 to 47% |
The healthcare provider (HCP) is reviewing the client's laboratory results and imaging and has diagnosed the client with rheumatoid arthritis.
Drag from Word Choices to complete the sentence.
Due to the new diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, the nurse should recognize that the client is at risk for
Explanation
Rationale for Correct Choices:
- Impaired physical mobility: Rheumatoid arthritis leads to joint inflammation, stiffness, and potential deformities. These symptoms may result in decreased range of motion and difficulty with physical movements, contributing to impaired mobility.
- Acute pain: RA causes acute inflammation in the joints, resulting in pain, especially during flare-ups. The client experiences pain and stiffness in the hands and wrists, which aligns with the acute pain risk associated with RA.
- Knowledge deficit: Newly diagnosed RA patients often lack understanding about the disease process, treatment options, and lifestyle modifications. The nurse needs to recognize that the client requires education to manage their condition effectively and understand the long-term implications.
Rationale for Incorrect Choices:
- Electrolyte imbalance: Electrolyte imbalances are not a typical complication of rheumatoid arthritis. While certain medications used to treat RA (like corticosteroids) can impact electrolyte levels, this is not an immediate concern or a direct risk associated with RA itself.
A 35-year-old female client, who works as a legal secretary, presents to the outpatient clinic for assessment of consistent pain in her hands. The client reports that the pain is the same in both hands and wrists but is worse upon waking. The pain and stiffness have been going on for the past 3 months. She reports that she thinks she has arthritis because her mother and grandmother both have arthritis. The client has a history of asthma, well controlled and does not take any medications other than an albuterol inhaler when sickness exacerbates asthma. Denies smoking or drinking alcohol. Mother and grandmother have history of arthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hobbies include gardening, crocheting, and reading.
Day 1
0930:
Neurological: Alert and oriented to person, place, time, and situation.
Cardiovascular: Normal heart tones. Radial and pedal pulses 2+. Capillary refill 2 seconds.
Respiratory: Clear breath sounds bilaterally.
Gastrointestinal: Within normal limits (WNL).
Genitourinary: WNL
Musculoskeletal: Pain in bilateral hands and wrists, worsens with palpation.
0945:
The healthcare provider (HCP) has evaluated the client and placed prescriptions.
1030:
Client is sent home to get laboratory specimens and x-rays and told to return in one week to obtain results.
Day 1
0930:
Temperature: 98.6° F (37° C) orally
Heart rate: 75 beats/minute
Respirations: 16 breaths/minute
Blood pressure: 110/75 mm Hg
Oxygen saturation: 95% on room air
Pain: 3 on a 0 to 10 scale, bilateral hands
Height: 5 ft 3 in (160 cm)
Weight: 175 lb (87.5 kg)
Body mass index (BMI): 31 kg/m2 (normal 18 to 24.9 kg/m2)
Day 7
1130:
Temperature: 98.3° F (36.8° C) orally
Heart rate: 79 beats/minute
Respirations: 16 breaths/minute
Blood pressure: 115/80 mm Hg
Oxygen saturation: 94% on room air
Pain: 2 on a 0 to 10 scale, bilateral hands
Day 1
1030:
Laboratory: Complete blood count (CBC), rheumatoid factor, total antinuclear antibody (ANA), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
X-rays of bilateral hands
Ibuprofen 600 mg PO every 6 hours PRN for pain
Day 2
1030:
X-rays of bilateral hands: Soft tissue swelling, marginal erosions in bilateral hands and wrists.
Day 2
1030:
|
Laboratory Test |
Result |
Reference Range |
|
Rheumatoid factor |
Positive |
Negative |
|
Antinuclear antibody |
Positive |
Negative |
|
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
35 mm/hr |
Less than or equal to 20 mm/hr |
|
White blood cells |
7,000/mm3(7.0 X 10^9/L) |
5,000 to 10,000/mm3 (5.0 to 10.0 x 10^9/L) |
|
Hemoglobin |
14 g/dL (140 g/L) |
12 to 16 g/dL (120 to 160 g/L) |
|
Hematocrit |
38% |
37 to 47% |
The client has received a medical diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The client should receive education about living and managing her condition and how to minimize disease complications.
Which education should be given to the client by the nurse? Select all that apply.
A 35-year-old female client, who works as a legal secretary, presents to the outpatient clinic for assessment of consistent pain in her hands. The client reports that the pain is the same in both hands and wrists but is worse upon waking. The pain and stiffness have been going on for the past 3 months. She reports that she thinks she has arthritis because her mother and grandmother both have arthritis. The client has a history of asthma, well controlled and does not take any medications other than an albuterol inhaler when sickness exacerbates asthma. Denies smoking or drinking alcohol. Mother and grandmother have history of arthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hobbies include gardening, crocheting, and reading.
Day 1
0930:
Neurological: Alert and oriented to person, place, time, and situation.
Cardiovascular: Normal heart tones. Radial and pedal pulses 2+. Capillary refill 2 seconds.
Respiratory: Clear breath sounds bilaterally.
Gastrointestinal: Within normal limits (WNL).
Genitourinary: WNL
Musculoskeletal: Pain in bilateral hands and wrists, worsens with palpation.
0945:
The healthcare provider (HCP) has evaluated the client and placed prescriptions.
1030:
Client is sent home to get laboratory specimens and x-rays and told to return in one week to obtain results.
Day 1
0930:
Temperature: 98.6° F (37° C) orally
Heart rate: 75 beats/minute
Respirations: 16 breaths/minute
Blood pressure: 110/75 mm Hg
Oxygen saturation: 95% on room air
Pain: 3 on a 0 to 10 scale, bilateral hands
Height: 5 ft 3 in (160 cm)
Weight: 175 lb (87.5 kg)
Body mass index (BMI): 31 kg/m2 (normal 18 to 24.9 kg/m2)
Day 7
1130:
Temperature: 98.3° F (36.8° C) orally
Heart rate: 79 beats/minute
Respirations: 16 breaths/minute
Blood pressure: 115/80 mm Hg
Oxygen saturation: 94% on room air
Pain: 2 on a 0 to 10 scale, bilateral hands
Day 1
1030:
Laboratory: Complete blood count (CBC), rheumatoid factor, total antinuclear antibody (ANA), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
X-rays of bilateral hands
Ibuprofen 600 mg PO every 6 hours PRN for pain
Day 2
1030:
|
Laboratory Test |
Result |
Reference Range |
|
Rheumatoid factor |
Positive |
Negative |
|
Antinuclear antibody |
Positive |
Negative |
|
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
35 mm/hr |
Less than or equal to 20 mm/hr |
|
White blood cells |
7,000/mm3(7.0 X 10^9/L) |
5,000 to 10,000/mm3 (5.0 to 10.0 x 10^9/L) |
|
Hemoglobin |
14 g/dL (140 g/L) |
12 to 16 g/dL (120 to 160 g/L) |
|
Hematocrit |
38% |
37 to 47% |
Day 2
1030:
X-rays of bilateral hands: Soft tissue swelling, marginal erosions in bilateral hands and wrists.
The nurse is preparing the client's plan of care. A major component of the clients at home care is pain management.
Select the 3 most important interventions the nurse can educate the client with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) about to help with pain management.
A 35-year-old female client, who works as a legal secretary, presents to the outpatient clinic for assessment of consistent pain in her hands. The client reports that the pain is the same in both hands and wrists but is worse upon waking. The pain and stiffness have been going on for the past 3 months. She reports that she thinks she has arthritis because her mother and grandmother both have arthritis. The client has a history of asthma, well controlled and does not take any medications other than an albuterol inhaler when sickness exacerbates asthma. Denies smoking or drinking alcohol. Mother and grandmother have history of arthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hobbies include gardening, crocheting, and reading.
Day 1
0930:
Neurological: Alert and oriented to person, place, time, and situation.
Cardiovascular: Normal heart tones. Radial and pedal pulses 2+. Capillary refill 2 seconds.
Respiratory: Clear breath sounds bilaterally.
Gastrointestinal: Within normal limits (WNL).
Genitourinary: WNL
Musculoskeletal: Pain in bilateral hands and wrists, worsens with palpation.
0945:
The healthcare provider (HCP) has evaluated the client and placed prescriptions.
1030:
Client is sent home to get laboratory specimens and x-rays and told to return in one week to obtain results.
Day 1
0930:
Temperature: 98.6° F (37° C) orally
Heart rate: 75 beats/minute
Respirations: 16 breaths/minute
Blood pressure: 110/75 mm Hg
Oxygen saturation: 95% on room air
Pain: 3 on a 0 to 10 scale, bilateral hands
Height: 5 ft 3 in (160 cm)
Weight: 175 lb (87.5 kg)
Body mass index (BMI): 31 kg/m2 (normal 18 to 24.9 kg/m2)
Day 7
1130:
Temperature: 98.3° F (36.8° C) orally
Heart rate: 79 beats/minute
Respirations: 16 breaths/minute
Blood pressure: 115/80 mm Hg
Oxygen saturation: 94% on room air
Pain: 2 on a 0 to 10 scale, bilateral hands
Day 1
1030:
Laboratory: Complete blood count (CBC), rheumatoid factor, total antinuclear antibody (ANA), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
X-rays of bilateral hands
Ibuprofen 600 mg PO every 6 hours PRN for pain
Day 2
1030:
|
Laboratory Test |
Result |
Reference Range |
|
Rheumatoid factor |
Positive |
Negative |
|
Antinuclear antibody |
Positive |
Negative |
|
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
35 mm/hr |
Less than or equal to 20 mm/hr |
|
White blood cells |
7,000/mm3(7.0 X 10^9/L) |
5,000 to 10,000/mm3 (5.0 to 10.0 x 10^9/L) |
|
Hemoglobin |
14 g/dL (140 g/L) |
12 to 16 g/dL (120 to 160 g/L) |
|
Hematocrit |
38% |
37 to 47% |
Day 2
1030:
X-rays of bilateral hands: Soft tissue swelling, marginal erosions in bilateral hands and wrists.
The nurse evaluates the client and the flow sheet.
Click to highlight the findings that indicate the client is progressing as expected.
The client presents to the office for reevaluation of rheumatoid arthritis after methotrexate 25 mg PO weekly was started at the last visit. The client reports she has been balancing periods of activity with rest. She recently attended a large family wedding and became fatigued quickly. She has continued to garden, and read, but crocheting is too painful. She is tolerating weekly medication without side effects. She describes pain as 1 to 2 on a 0 to 10 pain scale in bilateral hands. She has noticed "heartburn" about an hour after using ibuprofen for pain relief. The client is pleased with the improvements.
Explanation
Rationale for Correct Findings:
- Balancing periods of activity with rest: This indicates effective self-management and understanding of a key principle in managing rheumatoid arthritis. Maintaining this balance helps prevent overexertion and joint flares while preserving mobility and function.
- Client reports pain as 1 to 2 on a 0 to 10 pain scale in bilateral hands: The reduction in pain from a previous score of 3 to 1-2 indicates a positive response to treatment. Pain reduction is a key marker of progress in managing rheumatoid arthritis, especially with the initiation of methotrexate.
- She is tolerating weekly medication without side effects: Tolerating methotrexate without side effects is a positive outcome. Methotrexate is a cornerstone treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, and its ability to be well-tolerated suggests good disease control.
- The client is pleased with the improvements: The client’s satisfaction with her treatment and the improvements in her condition demonstrate effective management of her rheumatoid arthritis and a positive response to the prescribed interventions.
Rationale for Incorrect Findings:
- She has continued to garden, but crocheting is too painful: The client’s inability to crochet due to pain suggests that joint function is still limited in certain fine motor activities. This shows that while some improvement has been made, the disease still affects specific functions.
- She recently attended a large family wedding and became fatigued quickly: Fatigue is common in RA and suggests that the client’s energy levels still need better management. Overexertion could indicate a need for better pacing between rest and activity to avoid exacerbating symptoms.
- She has noticed "heartburn" about an hour after using ibuprofen for pain relief: Heartburn is a common side effect of NSAIDs like ibuprofen, which could lead to gastrointestinal irritation. This issue requires attention, as it could progress to more serious gastrointestinal complications.
A client is admitted to the surgical intensive care unit following the removal of a large portion of the intestines due to a gunshot wound to the abdomen. The client begins to display signs of septic shock and a sepsis protocol is initiated. Which intervention is most important for the nurse to include in the plan of care?
Which laboratory values are critical for the nurse to monitor for a client who is experiencing a thyrotoxic crisis?
To evaluate the effectiveness of a male client's new prescription for ezetimibe, which action should the clinic nurse implement?
The nurse is evaluating the effectiveness of the incentive spirometer implemented in the client's plan of care. Which outcome statement best describes the effectiveness of the incentive spirometer?
The nurse is caring for a one-week-old infant who has a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt that was placed 2 days after birth. Which finding(s) indicate a postoperative complication? Select all that apply.
Reference Range:
White blood cells (WBC) [9,000 to 10,000/mm3 (9 to 10 x 10^9 /L)]
The nurse is caring for a client with the sexually transmitted infection (STI) syphilis. The client reports having sex with someone who had many partners. Which response should the nurse provide?
Before leaving the room of a client who is confused, the nurse observes that a half bow knot was used to attach the client's wrist restraints to the movable portion of the client's bed frame. Which action should the nurse take before leaving the room?
The client is a 32-year-old multigravida at 28 weeks gestation, who presents to the healthcare provider's office for a routine prenatal visit. Obstetrical history reveals she has given birth three times; once at 35 weeks (twins), once at 38 weeks (singleton) and once at 41 weeks (singleton). All of these children are alive and well. She had one spontaneous abortion at 10 weeks' gestation. Her fourth child weighed 9 pounds (4.08 kg) at 41 weeks gestation.
Client is at 28 weeks. She has been receiving prenatal care since 8 weeks gestation. She had a fasting 1-hour glucose screening level 1 week ago. Follow up testing included a 3- hour oral glucose tolerance test and two-hour postprandial glucose.
|
Laboratory Test |
Result |
Range |
|
Fasting 1 hour glucose screen |
164 mg/dL (9.1 mmol/L) |
74 to 106 mg/dL (4.1 to 5.9 mmol/L) |
|
3 hour glucose tolerance test |
FBS: 168 mg/dL (9.3 mmol/L) |
140 mg/dL (7.77 mmol/L) |
|
2 hour postprandial glucose |
220 mg/dL (12.2 mmol/L) |
Less than 140 mg/dL (Less than 7.77 mmol/L) |
The nurse is reviewing nurses' notes to determine if there are any variations.
Click to highlight the findings that would indicate the client has developed a complication related to pregnancy.
The client is a 32-year-old multigravida at 28 weeks gestation, who presents to the healthcare provider's office for a routine prenatal visit. Obstetrical history reveals she has given birth three times; once at 35 weeks (twins), once at 38 weeks (singleton) and once at 41 weeks (singleton). All of these children are alive and well. She had one spontaneous abortion at 10 weeks' gestation. Her fourth child weighed 9 pounds (4.08 kg) at 41 weeks gestation.
Client is at 28 weeks. She has been receiving prenatal care since 8 weeks gestation. Her fasting 1-hour glucose screening level, which was done 1 week prior, is 164 mg/dL (9.1 mmol/L). Her 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test results reveal a fasting blood sugar of 168 (9.3 mmol/L) and a two-hour postprandial of 220 mg/dL (12.2 mmol/L).
Explanation
Rationale for correct findings:
- Fasting 1-hour glucose screen: 164 mg/dL (9.1 mmol/L): The fasting glucose of 164 mg/dL is elevated, indicating impaired glucose metabolism, which suggests the possibility of gestational diabetes.
- 3-hour glucose tolerance test: Fasting blood sugar 168 mg/dL (9.3 mmol/L): The fasting blood sugar of 168 mg/dL is above the normal threshold of 140 mg/dL, reinforcing the suspicion of gestational diabetes.
- 2-hour postprandial glucose: 220 mg/dL (12.2 mmol/L): A postprandial glucose level of 220 mg/dL is significantly above the normal limit of 140 mg/dL, further indicating gestational diabetes.
- Fourth child with macrosomia: 9 pounds (4.08 kg) at 41 weeks gestation: Macrosomia is often associated with gestational diabetes. The fourth child weighing 9 pounds suggests the possibility of undiagnosed gestational diabetes during the previous pregnancy, which could be recurring in the current pregnancy.
Rationale for incorrect Findings:
- Client is at 28 weeks and has been receiving prenatal care since 8 weeks gestation: The client’s consistent prenatal care since 8 weeks indicates early and regular monitoring, reducing the likelihood of other major complications.
The nurse is reviewing nurses' notes to determine what the client's obstetric history reveals in the form of GTPAL.
Choose the most likely option for the information missing from the statement by selecting from the list of options provided.
Based on the client's obstetrical history, the client's G-T-P-A-L designation is____________.
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