While reviewing the clinical history of a client with brain injury, the nurse finds that there is a periorbital ecchymosis, which is referred to as raccoon eyes. The client also has leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the nose. Which fracture should the nurse suspect in the client?

Choice A rationale: This is a condition that causes scar tissue to form in the penis, resulting in abnormal curvature, pain, and erectile dysfunction.

Choice B rationale: Hypospadias is a congenital defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis, not at the tip.

Choice C rationale: Phimosis is a condition in which the foreskin of the penis cannot be retracted fully, leading to inflammation and infection.

Choice D rationale: Orchitis is an inflammation of one or both testicles, usually caused by an infection.

Choice A rationale: Low blood pressure sensed by baroreceptors in the kidneys would stimulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which regulates blood pressure and sodium balance.

Choice B rationale: Low osmolality sensed by osmoreceptors in the kidneys would

indicate that the body has excess water and needs to excrete it, which would inhibit ADH release.

Choice C rationale: ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, is a peptide hormone that regulates the water balance in the body. It is released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to signals from the hypothalamus. When the plasma osmolarity, or the concentration of solutes in the blood, is high, it means that the body is dehydrated and needs to conserve water. The osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect this change and stimulate the release of ADH, which acts on the kidneys to increase water

reabsorption and decrease urine output. This helps to lower the plasma osmolarity and restore the water balance.

Choice D rationale: High concentration of potassium sensed by chemoreceptors in the carotid body would affect the acid-base balance and respiratory rate, but not ADH

release.