Which finding for a patient admitted with glomerulonephritis indicates to the nurse that treatment has been effective?

Choice A reason: Taking several deep breaths is not specifically related to the preparation for a renal system physical assessment. Deep breaths are more commonly associated with lung examination or to help the patient relax.

Choice B reason: Drinking several glasses of water before a renal assessment could potentially fill the bladder, which might interfere with palpation of the kidneys and make it uncomfortable for the patient.

Choice C reason: Emptying the bladder is the correct action before a renal system physical assessment. It allows for better palpation of the kidneys and other structures without the discomfort of a full bladder. It also prevents the possibility of the patient urinating involuntarily during the examination due to a full bladder.

Choice D reason: Providing a urine sample might be part of the overall renal assessment, but it is not necessary to do so immediately before the physical examination of the renal system. The sample can be collected at any time before or after the physical examination.

Choice A reason: Genetics play a significant role in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). While MS is not directly inherited, certain genetic markers can increase susceptibility. Studies have shown that individuals with a first-degree relative with MS have a higher risk compared to the general population.

Choice B reason: Environmental factors, such as low vitamin D levels, smoking, and possibly viral infections, are believed to contribute to the risk of developing MS. Geographic location, particularly living further from the equator, has also been associated with a higher incidence of MS, which may be related to sun exposure and vitamin D synthesis.

Choice C reason: While upper respiratory infections can trigger exacerbations in individuals with existing MS, they are not identified as a direct contributing factor to the development of the disease itself.

Choice D reason: MS is considered an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the central nervous system. This immune-mediated process targets the myelin sheath, leading to inflammation and characteristic lesions.

Choice E reason: Urinary tract infections are a common complication in individuals with MS due to bladder dysfunction, but they are not a contributing factor to the development of MS.