Theories that view depression as a group of learned responses are called theories.

A. Projection involves attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings or thoughts onto another person. However, in this case, the patient’s tantrum and crying are more about their own inability to handle the refusal rather than projecting feelings onto others.
B. Repression is a defense mechanism where distressing thoughts or feelings are unconsciously blocked from entering awareness. For instance, if the patient were to push aside their feelings of disappointment about not receiving the diet pills without expressing them, that would be repression.
C. Denial involves refusing to accept reality or facts that are distressing or threatening. However, the primary behavior in this situation is the tantrum and crying, which are more indicative of another defense mechanism rather than outright denial.
D. Regression is a defense mechanism where an individual reverts to behaviors characteristic of an
earlier developmental stage in response to stress or conflict. The patient’s crying and tantrum can be seen as regressive behavior because it reflects a return to more childlike or immature ways of handling frustration, similar to how a child might react to not getting what they want.

A. Clarification is a crucial listening skill that involves asking questions or seeking additional information to ensure understanding. Avoiding clarification to prevent interruption can lead to misunderstandings and incomplete communication.
B. While it is important to be attentive and present during communication, taking notes can be necessary to document important information. The key is to balance note-taking with active listening. If done discreetly, note-taking should not significantly detract from the ability to engage in effective listening.
C. Finishing the client’s sentences can be perceived as interruptive and may come across as disrespectful or dismissive. It is important for the client to express their thoughts and feelings fully before the nurse responds.
D. Changing the environment to minimize distractions is a valuable listening skill. A quiet and comfortable setting can enhance effective communication by allowing the client to focus and express themselves without external interruptions. This helps ensure that the nurse can fully concentrate on the client’s message and respond appropriately.