Systemic lupus erythematosus is an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Type IV
Type III
Type II
Type I
The Correct Answer is B
A. Type IV Hypersensitivity (Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction): This type of reaction involves a delayed immune response, typically occurring 24 to 72 hours after exposure to an antigen. It's characterized by the activation of T cells and macrophages, leading to inflammation. This type of hypersensitivity is often associated with conditions like contact dermatitis and some autoimmune diseases.
B. Type III Hypersensitivity (Antibody-Mediated Reaction): Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when immune complexes, which are composed of antigens and antibodies, deposit in various tissues. This leads to inflammation and tissue damage. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an example of a disease associated with Type III hypersensitivity.
C. Type II Hypersensitivity: This type of reaction involves antibodies (IgG or IgM) targeting antigens on the surface of cells. This can lead to cell destruction through various mechanisms, such as complement activation or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Examples include hemolytic transfusion reactions and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
D. Type I Hypersensitivity (Immediate Hypersensitivity Reaction): Type I hypersensitivity is characterized by an immediate immune response, typically occurring within minutes of exposure to an allergen. It involves the release of histamines and other mediators from mast cells and basophils, leading to symptoms like hives, respiratory distress, and anaphylaxis. Allergies, like hay fever and food allergies, are examples of Type I hypersensitivity reactions.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Most type-1 reactions are allergic: This statement is accurate. Type-1 hypersensitivity reactions are typically associated with allergies. When a person is exposed to a specific allergen (like pollen or certain foods), their immune system overreacts, leading to various symptoms, from mild to severe.
B. It is mediated by IgA: This statement is incorrect. Type-1 hypersensitivity reactions are primarily mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When these antibodies bind to allergens, they trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals, causing allergic symptoms.
C. It never contributes to autoimmune diseases: This statement is incorrect. While type-1 hypersensitivity reactions are often associated with allergies, they are distinct from autoimmune diseases. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues, which is a different mechanism from hypersensitivity reactions.
D. Most occur against medications: This statement is not entirely accurate. While some type-1 hypersensitivity reactions can be triggered by medications (like penicillin), they can also be caused by various other allergens such as pollen, animal dander, insect venom, and certain foods. The prevalence of medication-induced type-1 reactions varies, and it's not accurate to say that most occur against medications.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Aminoglycosides: Aminoglycosides are a different class of antibiotics. They do not have cross-sensitivity with penicillin. People who are allergic to penicillin can usually take aminoglycosides without a problem.
B. Erythromycins: Erythromycins are macrolide antibiotics. They are not related to penicillin structurally, so there is no cross-sensitivity between penicillin and erythromycins. People allergic to penicillin can generally take erythromycin without issues.
C. Quinolones: Quinolones, also known as fluoroquinolones, are a different class of antibiotics. They do not share a structural similarity with penicillin, so there is usually no cross-sensitivity between penicillin and quinolones. People allergic to penicillin can usually take quinolones without problems.
D. Cephalosporins: Cephalosporins are beta-lactam antibiotics, just like penicillins. They have a similar chemical structure to penicillins, which can lead to cross-sensitivity. Individuals who are allergic to penicillin might also have an allergic reaction to cephalosporins due to this structural resemblance. However, it's important to note that not all cephalosporins are the same, and the risk of cross-reactivity varies among different generations of cephalosporins. Healthcare providers need to assess the specific situation and choose an appropriate antibiotic if there is a known penicillin allergy.
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