An occupational health nurse is implementing some tertiary levels of prevention in the workplace. Which of the following interventions are tertiary interventions?

Choice A Reason:
Assurance of services refers to the guarantee that health services are available and accessible to the population. While this is crucial for public health, it primarily affects the structural level of society rather than multiple levels. The Ecological Model emphasizes the interaction between individual, interpersonal, community, and societal factors. Assurance of services is more of a systemic factor and does not directly influence individual behavior across multiple levels.

Choice B Reason:
Health beliefs are a significant factor in the Ecological Model as they influence individual behaviors and decisions regarding health. These beliefs are shaped by personal experiences, cultural norms, and societal influences. Health beliefs operate at multiple levels, including the individual level (personal beliefs), interpersonal level (influence of family and friends), and community level (cultural and societal norms). They play a critical role in determining how individuals perceive health risks and engage in health-promoting behaviors.

Choice C Reason:
Medical funding is essential for the provision of healthcare services and the functioning of health systems. However, it primarily affects the structural and policy levels rather than multiple levels of society. While adequate funding is necessary for ensuring access to healthcare, it does not directly influence individual health behaviors across different levels of the Ecological Model.

Choice D Reason:
Laws and local ordinances that relate to health are crucial in shaping the environment in which individuals live. These regulations can influence health behaviors by creating supportive environments, such as smoke-free zones, safe drinking water standards, and regulations on food safety. These laws operate at the community and societal levels, impacting individual and collective behaviors by establishing norms and standards that promote health.

Choice E Reason:
Interaction with others is a key component of the Ecological Model, affecting health behavior at multiple levels. Social interactions influence individual behaviors through peer pressure, social support, and the sharing of information. At the interpersonal level, family and friends can encourage or discourage healthy behaviors. At the community level, social networks and community organizations play a role in shaping health norms and behaviors. These interactions are integral to understanding how health behaviors are adopted and maintained.

Choice A Reason:
The first step assists with how to perform a collection of evidence. While collecting evidence is an important part of many toolkits, the University of Kansas toolkit is specifically designed to guide users through a comprehensive process. The focus is on a structured approach rather than just the initial step of evidence collection.

Choice B Reason:
It is used in planning community initiatives. This statement is true but not specific enough to be the standout feature of the toolkit. Many toolkits are used for planning community initiatives. The unique aspect of the University of Kansas toolkit is its structured, step-by-step methodology, which sets it apart from other resources.

Choice C Reason:
It uses a step-by-step approach. This is the correct answer because the University of Kansas toolkit is designed to provide a clear, structured process for users. This approach ensures that all necessary steps are followed systematically, making it easier for community groups to plan and implement their initiatives effectively. The step-by-step methodology is a core feature that enhances the usability and effectiveness of the toolkit.

Choice D Reason:
It is a proprietary document that is used solely within the state of Kansas. This statement is incorrect. The toolkit provided by the University of Kansas is intended for broader use and is not restricted to the state of Kansas. It is designed to be a resource for community groups and organizations regardless of their location, promoting best practices in community planning and development.