A nurse is teaching a client about medications that prevent osteoporosis. The nurse should instruct the client that which of the following medications is prescribed to prevent osteoporosis?

Raloxifene

Calcitonin

Allopurinol

Levothyroxine

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Choice a) Raloxifene:
Raloxifene is part of a class of drugs known as selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs). It works by imitating the beneficial effects of the hormone estrogen on your bones, helping to prevent bone loss and improve density. Therefore, it is used in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Choice b) Calcitonin:
Calcitonin is a hormone that a person’s thyroid gland produces. It helps regulate the amount of calcium in the body. For the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, scientists typically extract calcitonin from salmon. This is because salmon calcitonin has a much higher potency than human calcitonin. Osteoclasts are cells in the body that degrade bone. Calcitonin can inhibit osteoclasts. This helps slow the loss of bone density and increases bone mass, hindering the progression of osteoporosis.

Choice c) Allopurinol:
Allopurinol is primarily used to treat gout and certain types of kidney stones. It is not typically used in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis.

Choice d) Levothyroxine:
Levothyroxine is used to treat hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). It is not typically used in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis. However, if you are prescribed levothyroxine you should have regular blood tests, at least once a year, to ensure your thyroid hormone levels are not too high. Continuous high thyroid hormone levels may lead to developing or worsening of low bone density and osteoporosis.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason:
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a condition where blood clots form in the deep veins, usually in the legs. While VTE is a risk following trauma and immobilization, the acute onset of shortness of breath and chest pain is less typical for VTE, which more commonly presents with leg pain and swelling.

Choice B reason:
Hypovolemic shock occurs due to significant blood or fluid loss, leading to decreased blood volume and inadequate circulation. While it can result from a motor-vehicle crash, the client's symptoms of shortness of breath and chest pain are not the most indicative of hypovolemic shock, which typically presents with rapid pulse, low blood pressure, and cold, clammy skin.

Choice C reason:
Compartment syndrome is a surgical emergency where increased pressure within the muscle compartments impairs circulation and nerve function. It presents with severe pain, swelling, and sometimes paralysis of the affected limb, but it does not typically cause shortness of breath or chest pain.

Choice D reason:
Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a serious complication that can occur after long bone fractures. Fat globules may enter the bloodstream and travel to the lungs, leading to respiratory distress, which can manifest as shortness of breath and chest pain. FES can also cause neurological symptoms and a petechial rash. Given the client's symptoms and recent trauma, FES is a likely complication and requires immediate assessment and intervention.

A. Unilateral swelling on the posterior of the vulva B. Extreme abdominal pain with intercourse C. Postmenopausal bleeding D. Green, malodorous vaginal discharge

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Unilateral swelling on the posterior of the vulva is not a typical symptom of endometrial cancer. While swelling can occur in the genital area due to various conditions, it is not specifically associated with endometrial cancer.

Choice B reason:
Extreme abdominal pain with intercourse, also known as dyspareunia, can be a symptom of many different conditions, including endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory disease, but it is not commonly associated with endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancer symptoms are more related to abnormal uterine bleeding rather than pain during intercourse.

Choice C reason:
Postmenopausal bleeding is a hallmark symptom of endometrial cancer. Any vaginal bleeding that occurs after menopause should be evaluated by a healthcare provider, as it can be an early sign of endometrial cancer.

Choice D reason:
Green, malodorous vaginal discharge can be a sign of an infection, such as bacterial vaginosis, but is not typically a symptom of endometrial cancer. While abnormal discharge can occur with endometrial cancer, it is usually bloody or watery, not green and malodorous.

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A nurse is teaching a client about medications that prevent osteoporosis. The nurse should instruct the client that which of the following medications is prescribed to prevent osteoporosis?

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Correct Answer is D

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