A nurse is caring for a client with a peripheral vascular access device who is experiencing pain, redness, and swelling at the site.

After removing the device, what action will the nurse take to relieve pain?

Massage the site with scented oils.

Place warm compresses on the site.

Administer topical lidocaine to the site.

Administer prescribed oral pain medication.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A rationale:
Massaging the site with scented oils is not recommended for pain relief in this situation. Massage can potentially increase inflammation and irritate the already sensitive skin.
Scented oils may contain ingredients that could further irritate the skin or cause an allergic reaction.
Additionally, there is no evidence to support the effectiveness of massage with scented oils for pain relief in this context.
Choice B rationale:
Warm compresses are often used to promote blood flow and reduce inflammation, but they are not the most effective means of pain relief in this case.
The warmth from the compress may provide some temporary comfort, but it does not address the underlying cause of the pain, which is likely inflammation and nerve irritation.
In some cases, warm compresses can even worsen swelling.
Choice C rationale:
Topical lidocaine is a local anesthetic that can numb the skin and relieve pain. However, it is typically used for more superficial pain, such as minor cuts or burns.
In this case, the pain is likely deeper and more diffuse, so topical lidocaine may not be effective.
Additionally, there is a risk of systemic absorption of lidocaine, which could lead to side effects, especially if used on a large area of skin.
Choice D rationale:
Oral pain medication is the most effective way to relieve pain in this situation.
It can be absorbed into the bloodstream and reach the site of the pain to provide relief. Oral pain medications can also help to reduce inflammation.
The nurse should follow the prescribed dosage and frequency of the medication to ensure optimal pain relief.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A rationale:
Skin and mucous membranes are the most effective and crucial barriers to infection. They provide a continuous physical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body. Here's a detailed explanation of their protective mechanisms:
1. Physical Barrier:
Skin: The outermost layer of skin, the epidermis, is composed of tightly packed cells that are difficult for pathogens to penetrate. It's also covered in a layer of sebum, an oily substance that helps to repel water and microorganisms.
Mucous membranes: These moist linings cover the openings of the body, such as the nose, mouth, eyes, and digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts. They produce mucus, a sticky substance that traps pathogens and prevents them from entering the body. Mucus also contains enzymes and antibodies that can kill certain pathogens.
2. Chemical Barrier:
Skin and mucous membranes secrete a variety of substances that have antimicrobial properties. These include: Sebum: Contains fatty acids that can kill bacteria and fungi.
Sweat: Contains salt and lysozyme, an enzyme that can break down bacterial cell walls. Saliva: Contains enzymes that can break down food and kill bacteria.
Gastric acid: The highly acidic environment of the stomach kills most pathogens that are ingested.
3. Immune Barrier:
Skin and mucous membranes are home to a diverse community of microbes, known as the microbiome. These microbes play an important role in protecting against infection by competing with pathogens for resources and space.
Mucous membranes contain specialized immune cells, such as M cells and dendritic cells, that can recognize pathogens and initiate an immune response.
In contrast, the other choices are less effective barriers to infection:
Choice B: Gastrointestinal secretions, such as gastric acid, do play a role in preventing infection, but they are not as effective as skin and mucous membranes. Pathogens can still enter the body through the digestive tract, even in the presence of gastric acid.
Choice C: Colonization by host bacteria can actually help to protect against infection by competing with pathogens. However, it is not a primary barrier to infection.
Choice D: Inflammatory processes are a response to infection, not a barrier to it. They occur after pathogens have already entered the body.

A. Advancing age B. Exposure to tobacco C. Exposure to occupational chemicals D. Infection with an oncovirus.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A rationale:
While advancing age is a significant risk factor for cancer, it is not considered the single biggest risk factor. The risk of developing cancer does increase with age, primarily due to the accumulation of DNA damage over time. This damage can arise from various sources, including exposure to carcinogens, errors in DNA replication, and oxidative stress. With age, the body's ability to repair DNA damage also declines, making cells more susceptible to cancerous changes.
However, it's important to note that cancer can develop at any age, and even younger individuals can be affected if exposed to other significant risk factors.
Choice B rationale:
Exposure to tobacco is widely recognized as the single biggest risk factor for developing cancer. It is estimated to be responsible for about 25-30% of all cancer deaths worldwide.
Tobacco smoke contains over 70 known carcinogens, which are substances that can damage DNA and lead to cancer. These carcinogens can affect various organs in the body, including the lungs, mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, bladder, kidney, cervix, and colon.
The risk of cancer increases with the amount and duration of tobacco use. Even exposure to secondhand smoke can increase the risk of cancer.
Quitting tobacco use is the most effective way to reduce the risk of cancer.
Choice C rationale:
Exposure to occupational chemicals is a known risk factor for certain types of cancer, such as lung cancer, bladder cancer, and leukemia. However, it is not considered the single biggest risk factor for developing cancer overall.
The risk of cancer from occupational chemicals depends on the specific chemical, the level of exposure, and the duration of exposure.
Workplace safety measures, such as using protective equipment and limiting exposure to hazardous chemicals, can help reduce the risk of cancer.
Choice D rationale:
Infection with certain viruses, known as oncoviruses, can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer. For example, infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) can increase the risk of cervical cancer, and infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) can increase the risk of liver cancer.
However, oncoviruses are not considered the single biggest risk factor for developing cancer overall. Vaccines are available to protect against some oncoviruses, such as HPV and HBV.

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A nurse is caring for a client with a peripheral vascular access device who is experiencing pain, redness, and swelling at the site. After removing the device, what action will the nurse take to relieve pain?

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A nurse is caring for a client with a peripheral vascular access device who is experiencing pain, redness, and swelling at the site.

After removing the device, what action will the nurse take to relieve pain?