A nurse is assisting with teaching a class about Piaget's stages of cognitive development. The nurse should reinforce that abstract thinking develops during which of the following stages?

Concrete operational

Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Formal operational

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

The correct answer is: d. Formal operational

Choice A: Concrete operational

During the concrete operational stage, which typically occurs between the ages of 7 and 11, children develop logical thinking skills. They begin to understand the concept of conservation, the idea that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance. However, their thinking is still very concrete and tied to tangible objects and real events. Abstract thinking is not yet developed at this stage.

Choice B: Sensorimotor

The sensorimotor stage spans from birth to about 2 years of age. In this stage, infants learn about the world through their senses and actions. They develop object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. Abstract thinking does not occur in this stage as infants are focused on immediate sensory experiences and motor activities.

Choice C: Preoperational

The preoperational stage occurs between the ages of 2 and 7. During this stage, children begin to engage in symbolic play and learn to manipulate symbols, but they do not yet understand concrete logic. Their thinking is still egocentric, meaning they have difficulty seeing things from perspectives other than their own. Abstract thinking is not a characteristic of this stage.

Choice D: Formal operational

The formal operational stage begins around age 12 and continues into adulthood. This stage is characterized by the development of abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning. Individuals in this stage can think about abstract concepts, consider possible outcomes and consequences of actions, and use systematic ways to solve problems. This stage marks the emergence of scientific reasoning and the ability to think about abstract ideas.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason : Drinking caffeinated beverages in the evening.Caffeine is a stimulant that can significantly disrupt the sleep-wake cycle. Consuming caffeinated beverages in the evening can lead to difficulty initiating sleep because caffeine blocks the action of adenosine, a chemical that promotes sleep. The effects of caffeine can last several hours, thus affecting the quality and duration of sleep.

Choice B reason : Emotional stress activates the body's stress response, causing the release of hormones like cortisol, which increases alertness and can delay the onset of sleep. Chronic stress can lead to a hyperarousal state, making it difficult to fall asleep and stay asleep.

Choice C reason : Bright light.Exposure to bright light, especially blue light from screens, can interfere with the production of melatonin, the hormone that signals the body to prepare for sleep. This can shift the circadian rhythm and disrupt the sleep-wake cycle, making it harder to fall asleep at the usual time.

Choice D reason : A short nap during the day, typically 20-30 minutes, can be beneficial and usually does not interfere with nighttime sleep. However, longer or later naps can make it more difficult to fall asleep at night.

A. Decreased blood pressure B. Dilated pupils C. Bronchial airway constriction D. Hypoglycemia

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason : Decreased blood pressure is not a typical response to the fight-or-flight reaction. During this response, blood pressure usually increases due to the release of stress hormones like adrenaline, which cause the heart to beat faster and harder.

Choice B reason : Dilated pupils are a common manifestation of the fight-or-flight response. This physiological change allows more light into the eyes, which can improve vision and help an individual to better assess the situation and respond to potential threats.

Choice C reason : Bronchial airway constriction is not associated with the fight-or-flight response. In fact, the bronchial airways typically dilate to increase airflow and oxygen intake to prepare the body for action.

Choice D reason : Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, is not a direct result of the fight-or-flight response. The body actually mobilizes glucose stores, leading to elevated blood sugar levels, to provide energy for muscles during a stress response.

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A nurse is assisting with teaching a class about Piaget's stages of cognitive development. The nurse should reinforce that abstract thinking develops during which of the following stages?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is B

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