A nurse is assisting with teaching a class about physical manifestations associated with the fight-or-flight response to stress.
Which of the following manifestations should the nurse include?

Decreased blood pressure.

Bronchial airway constriction.

Hypoglycemia.

Dilated pupils.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

This is because the fight-or-flight response activates the sympathetic nervous system, which causes the pupils to dilate to allow more light and improve vision.

Choice A is wrong because the fight-or-flight response increases blood pressure by constricting blood vessels and increasing heart rate.

Choice B is wrong because the fight-or-flight response causes bronchial airway dilation to allow more oxygen intake and facilitate breathing.

Choice C is wrong because the fight-or-flight response causes hyperglycemia by stimulating the release of glucose from the liver and muscles to provide energy.

Normal ranges for blood pressure are 90/60 mmHg to 120/80 mmHg, for blood glucose are 70 mg/dL to 100 mg/dL, and for pupil size are 2 mm to 6 mm.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

The correct answer is choice A. Cataracts are a cloudy, opaque area over the lens of one eye that can impair vision

Choice B is wrong because diabetic retinopathy is a condition that affects the blood vessels of the retina, not the lens. It can cause blurred vision, floaters, or vision loss

Choice C is wrong because glaucoma is a condition that damages the optic nerve due to high pressure in the eye. It can cause blind spots, halos around lights, or vision loss

Choice D is wrong because macular degeneration is a condition that damages the macula, the central part of the retina. It can cause blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field

: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cataracts/

: https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and diseases/diabetic-retinopathy

: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glaucoma/symptoms causes/syc-20372839

: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macular_degeneration

A. Instruct the client to use pursed-lip breathing. B. Plan to have the client lay down for 1 hr after meals. C. Restrict the client’s fluid intake to less than 1 L/day. D. Encourage the client to use the upper chest for respiration.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Pursed-lip breathing is a technique that helps to slow down the breathing rate and keep the airways open longer. This improves gas exchange and reduces the work of breathing. Pursed-lip breathing also helps to prevent air trapping and hyperinflation of the lungs, which are common complications of COPD.

Choice B is wrong because laying down for 1 hour after meals can increase the pressure on the diaphragm and make breathing more difficult. It can also increase the risk of aspiration and reflux.

Choice C is wrong because restricting the client’s fluid intake to less than 1 L/day can lead to dehydration and thickening of secretions, which can obstruct the airways and impair gas exchange. Fluid intake should be adequate to maintain hydration and thin secretions.

Choice D is wrong because using the upper chest for respiration is a sign of inefficient breathing and respiratory distress.

It can increase the oxygen demand and cause fatigue. The client should be encouraged to use the diaphragm and abdominal muscles for respiration, which are more efficient and reduce the work of breathing.

Normal ranges for oxygen saturation are 95% to 100%, for arterial blood gas pH are 7.35 to 7.45, for PaCO2 are 35 to 45 mmHg, for PaO2 are 80 to 100 mmHg, and for HCO3 are 22 to 26 mEq/L.

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A nurse is assisting with teaching a class about physical manifestations associated with the fight-or-flight response to stress. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse include?

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A nurse is assisting with teaching a class about physical manifestations associated with the fight-or-flight response to stress.
Which of the following manifestations should the nurse include?