A nurse is caring for an infant whose caregiver comforts them as soon as they cry. The nurse should identify that the client is experiencing which of the following stages of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

Trust vs. Mistrust

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Integrity vs. Despair

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Choice A reason : Trust vs. Mistrust.The stage of Trust vs. Mistrust is the first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, occurring from birth to approximately 18 months of age. In this stage, the infant is uncertain about the world and looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care. If the caregiver is reliable, consistent, and nurturing, the child will develop a sense of trust, believing that the world is safe and that people are dependable and affectionate. This sense of trust allows the child to feel secure even when threatened and extends into their other relationships, maintaining their sense of security amidst potential threats.

Choice B reason : Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt.The stage of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt is the second stage of Erikson's theory, spanning the toddler years from 18 months to three years. In this stage, toddlers begin to assert their independence by making choices and taking control over their actions. Success in this stage leads to feelings of autonomy, while failure results in feelings of shame and doubt. However, this stage is not applicable to the scenario described, as it involves an infant, not a toddler.

Choice C reason : Identity vs. Role Confusion.Identity vs. Role Confusion is the fifth stage, occurring during the teen years from 12 to 18. This stage is characterized by the exploration of personal identity and the development of a sense of self. The scenario provided does not pertain to an adolescent, so this stage is not relevant to the infant's experience.

Choice D reason : Integrity vs. Despair.The stage of Integrity vs. Despair is the eighth and final stage of Erikson's theory, occurring in older adulthood from 65 to death. This stage involves reflecting on one's life and either concluding it with a sense of integrity and fulfillment or with a sense of despair over a life misspent. This stage is not applicable to the infant described in the scenario.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason : Change in marital status.A change in marital status is considered a social stressor rather than a physiological one. It relates to the personal and emotional aspects of one's life, impacting mental and emotional well-being rather than directly causing a physiological response.

Choice B reason : Financial difficulties.Financial difficulties are categorized as social stressors. They can lead to significant stress but do not directly cause a physiological response. Instead, they can indirectly affect health over time through sustained stress.

Choice C reason : Academic pressure.Academic pressure is a psychological stressor. It involves cognitive and emotional challenges that can lead to stress but is not a direct physiological stressor.

Choice D reason : Burn injury.A burn injury is a physiological stressor. It causes an immediate physical response in the body, triggering pain receptors, inflammatory responses, and the need for physical healing processes.

A. Decrease in body fat B. Increase in muscle mass C. Increase in gag reflex D. Decrease in systolic blood pressure

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

The correct answer is: a. Decrease in body fat

Choice A: Decrease in body fat

Older adults typically experience a decrease in lean body mass and an increase in body fat percentage. However, the absolute amount of body fat may decrease due to overall weight loss and muscle mass reduction.

Choice B: Increase in muscle mass

This statement is incorrect because muscle mass generally decreases with age due to sarcopenia, a condition characterized by the loss of muscle mass and strength.

Choice C: Increase in gag reflex

This statement is incorrect because the gag reflex often diminishes with age. Older adults may experience a reduced gag reflex due to decreased sensitivity and muscle tone.

Choice D: Decrease in systolic blood pressure

This statement is incorrect because systolic blood pressure usually increases with age due to arterial stiffness and other cardiovascular changes.

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A nurse is caring for an infant whose caregiver comforts them as soon as they cry. The nurse should identify that the client is experiencing which of the following stages of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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