A nurse in a provider's office is monitoring blood electrolytes for four clients who take digoxin.
Which of the following electrolyte values increases a client's risk for digoxin toxicity?

Potassium 3.0 mEq/L.

Calcium 9.2 mg/dL.

Sodium 140 mEq/L.

Magnesium 2.2 mg/dL.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

This is because low potassium levels (hypokalemia) increase the sensitivity of the heart to digoxin and can lead to toxicity even with normal serum digoxin levels. Digoxin inhibits the sodium-potassium pump on the cardiac cells, which causes potassium to accumulate outside the cells. Low potassium levels in the blood create a larger gradient for potassium to move out of the cells, which enhances the effect of digoxin and can cause arrhythmias.

Choice B is wrong because calcium 9.2 mg/dL is within the normal range (8.5 to 10.2 mg/dL) and does not increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. However, high calcium levels (hypercalcemia) can potentiate the effects of digoxin and cause toxicity.

Choice C is wrong because sodium 140 mEq/L is within the normal range (135 to 145 mEq/L) and does not increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. However, high sodium levels (hypernatremia) can reduce the binding of digoxin to the sodium-potassium pump and decrease its efficacy.

Choice D is wrong because magnesium 2.2 mg/dL is within the normal range (1.7 to 2.4 mg/dL) and does not increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. However, low magnesium levels (hypomagnesemia) can increase the sensitivity of the heart to digoxin and cause toxicity.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Alpha 1 adrenergic blocking agents have a vasodilating effect and can be used for the management of hypertension. They work by blocking the alpha 1 receptors on the vascular smooth muscle, which normally cause vasoconstriction when stimulated by catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine.By preventing this constriction, alpha 1 blockers lower the peripheral resistance and blood pressure

Choice A is wrong because alpha 3 adrenergic blockers do not exist.There are only two types of alpha receptors: alpha 1 and alpha 2

Choice B is wrong because alpha 2 adrenergic antagonists do not have a vasodilating effect.

They block the alpha 2 receptors, which are located presynaptically on the sympathetic nerve terminals and postsynaptically on some vascular smooth muscle cells.Alpha 2 receptors inhibit the release of norepinephrine when activated, so blocking them would increase the sympathetic activity and vasoconstriction

Choice C is wrong because alpha 1 adrenergic agonists do not have a vasodilating effect.

They stimulate the alpha 1 receptors, which cause vasoconstriction and increase the blood pressure.Alpha 1 agonists are used to treat hypotension and nasal congestion

A. "I should quit smoking to improve blood flow.". B. "I need to avoid prolonged sitting or standing.". C. "I should take my pentoxifylline with meals.". D. "I need to limit my physical activity to avoid worsening symptoms.".

Correct Answer is ["A","B"]

Explanation

Pentoxifylline is a medication that improves blood flow and oxygen delivery to the tissues in patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD), a condition that causes narrowing of the arteries in the legs.Pentoxifylline can help reduce the symptoms of intermittent claudication, which is cramping pain in the legs that occurs with walking and improves with rest.

Choice A is correct because smoking is a major risk factor for PVD and quitting smoking can improve blood flow and prevent further damage to the arteries.

Choice B is correct because prolonged sitting or standing can reduce blood flow to the legs and worsen symptoms of PVD.

Patients should avoid crossing their legs, wearing tight clothing, or exposing their legs to cold temperatures.They should also elevate their legs when resting and move them frequently.

Choice C is wrong because pentoxifylline should be taken on an empty stomach, at least one hour before or two hours after meals, to increase its absorption and effectiveness.

Choice D is wrong because physical activity is beneficial for patients with PVD and intermittent claudication.

Exercise can improve blood circulation, increase muscle strength, reduce pain, and lower cardiovascular risk factors.Patients should be encouraged to walk regularly, as tolerated, and follow a supervised exercise program if available.

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A nurse in a provider's office is monitoring blood electrolytes for four clients who take digoxin. Which of the following electrolyte values increases a client's risk for digoxin toxicity?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Which of the following Alpha adrenergic class has a vasodilating effect and can be used for the management of hypertension?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A patient with peripheral vascular disease has been on pentoxifylline (Trental) for 2 weeks. Which statements by the patient indicate no need for further patient teaching about the disease? Select all that apply.

Correct Answer is ["A","B"]

Explanation

Digoxin (Lanoxin) is a cardiac glycoside that is among the oldest medications used for heart failure. What are its two primary actions?

A nurse in a provider’s office is monitoring blood electrolytes for four clients who take digoxin. Which of the following electrolyte values increases a client’s risk for digoxin toxicity?

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The antagonistic agent to digoxin toxicity is what?

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Which administration strategy can a patient implement to reduce flushing, the most common adverse effect of niacin therapy?

To prevent urinary tract infection, the nurse must teach the patient the following. Select all that apply.

A nurse in a provider's office is monitoring blood electrolytes for four clients who take digoxin.
Which of the following electrolyte values increases a client's risk for digoxin toxicity?