The antagonistic agent to digoxin toxicity is what?

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death globally, accounting for 74% of all deaths. NCDs are chronic diseases that are not transmitted from person to person, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes.The main risk factors for NCDs are modifiable behaviours, such as tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and the harmful use of alcohol.These behaviours can lead to metabolic risk factors, such as raised blood pressure, increased blood glucose, elevated blood lipids and obesity, which in turn increase the risk of developing NCDs. Therefore, lifestyle changes that reduce these risk factors can prevent or delay many NCDs and improve health outcomes.

Choice A is wrong because trauma is not a major contributing factor to many diseases.Trauma is an injury or damage to living tissue caused by an external force, such as accidents, violence or natural disasters.Trauma can result in acute or chronic conditions, such as infections, fractures, burns, bleeding or organ failure.

However, trauma is not a common cause of NCDs, which are the main burden of disease globally.

Choice C is wrong because congenital factors are not the greatest contributing factor to many diseases.Congenital factors are those that are present at birth, such as genetic disorders, birth defects or inherited diseases.Congenital factors can affect the development and function of various organs and systems in the body, leading to various health problems.

However, congenital factors are not the main cause of NCDs, which are largely influenced by environmental and behavioural factors.

Choice D is wrong because genetics is not the greatest contributing factor to many diseases.

Genetics is the study of how traits are inherited and expressed in living organisms.

Genetics can influence the susceptibility and resistance to various diseases, as well as the response to treatment and prevention strategies.

However, genetics is not the sole determinant of health and disease, as environmental and behavioural factors also play a significant role in modulating gene expression and function.

The correct answer is Choice D: Headache.

Choice A rationale: Nausea is not a common adverse effect of sublingual nitroglycerin. Nausea may occur in some patients, but it is usually mild and transient.Nausea may be related to the vasodilatory effects of nitroglycerin, which can cause hypotension and reflex tachycardia1. Nausea may also be caused by other factors, such as anxiety, stress, or food intolerance.Nausea is not a specific indicator of nitroglycerin toxicity or overdose2.

Choice B rationale: Bradycardia is not a common adverse effect of sublingual nitroglycerin. Bradycardia is a slow heart rate, usually defined as less than 60 beats per minute.Bradycardia may occur in some patients who take nitroglycerin, especially in combination with other drugs that affect the heart rate, such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or digoxin3. Bradycardia may also be caused by other factors, such as vagal stimulation, hypothyroidism, or electrolyte imbalance.Bradycardia is not a specific indicator of nitroglycerin toxicity or overdose2.

Choice C rationale: Hypertension is not a common adverse effect of sublingual nitroglycerin. Hypertension is a high blood pressure, usually defined as more than 140/90 mmHg.Hypertension may occur in some patients who take nitroglycerin, especially in those who have a history of hypertension, renal impairment, or volume overload4. Hypertension may also be caused by other factors, such as stress, pain, or caffeine intake.Hypertension is not a specific indicator of nitroglycerin toxicity or overdose2.

Choice D rationale: Headache is a common adverse effect of sublingual nitroglycerin.Headache may occur in up to 80% of patients who take nitroglycerin, especially during the first few days of therapy or after an increase in dose5. Headache may be related to the vasodilatory effects of nitroglycerin, which can cause cerebral vasodilation and increased intracranial pressure. Headache may also be caused by other factors, such as dehydration, sinusitis, or migraine. Headache is usually mild to moderate in intensity and can be relieved by analgesics, such as acetaminophen or aspirin.Headache is not a specific indicator of nitroglycerin toxicity or overdose