Up to one-third of patients who take ACE inhibitors for hypertension report which symptom after beginning therapy?
Decreased white blood cells.
Swelling of the face and lips.
Chronic cough.
Renal failure.
The Correct Answer is C
ACE inhibitors are a type of medication used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. They work by blocking the production of a hormone called angiotensin II, which narrows the blood vessels and increases blood pressure. By preventing this hormone from acting, ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart. One of the most common side effects of ACE inhibitors is a dry cough, which occurs in 12–19% of people who take them. The cough is caused by the accumulation of a substance called bradykinin, which is normally broken down by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). When ACE is inhibited, bradykinin levels increase and cause irritation and inflammation in the airways.
Choice A is wrong because decreased white blood cells are not a common side effect of ACE inhibitors.
However, some people may develop a condition called neutropenia, which is a low level of a type of white blood cell called neutrophils. This can increase the risk of infections and may require stopping the medication.
Choice B is wrong because swelling of the face and lips is not a common side effect of ACE inhibitors.
However, some people may develop a rare but serious allergic reaction called angioedema, which is a swelling of the deeper layers of the skin and mucous membranes.
This can affect the face, lips, tongue, throat, or other parts of the body and can cause difficulty breathing or swallowing. Angioedema can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
Choice D is wrong because renal failure is not a common side effect of ACE inhibitors.
However, some people may experience a decrease in kidney function or an increase in blood levels of creatinine, which is a waste product filtered by the kidneys.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Diuretics are medicines that help the kidneys get rid of excess water and salt, which can ease the symptoms of heart failure, such as breathlessness and swelling.However, diuretics may have some side effects, such as loss of potassium, which can affect the heart and require regular blood tests and dietary changes.Diuretics can also cause other electrolyte abnormalities, such as hyponatremia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, and metabolic alkalosis. Electrolyte disturbances can have serious consequences for the heart function and rhythm, as well as other organs.
Choice A is wrong because fluid retention is the opposite of what diuretics do.
Diuretics reduce fluid retention by increasing urine output and decreasing blood volume.
Choice B is wrong because hypotension is not a direct effect of diuretics on the heart, but rather a consequence of reduced blood volume and vasodilation.
Hypotension can occur with diuretic use, especially if the dose is too high or the patient is dehydrated, but it is not a specific condition caused by diuretics.
Choice C is wrong because hyperglycemia is not related to diuretics or heart failure.
Hyperglycemia is a condition of high blood sugar, which can be caused by diabetes or other factors.
Diuretics do not affect blood sugar levels directly, although some diuretics may interact with diabetes medications and affect their efficacy.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium) is a urinary tract analgesic that can relieve the pain, burning, and discomfort caused by infection or irritation of the urinary tract.However, it can also cause some side effects, one of which is changing the color of bodily secretions to reddish orange. This is due to the excretion of the drug in the urine, saliva, sweat, and tears.The color change is harmless and usually disappears when the drug is stopped.
Choice A is wrong because phenazopyridine does not change bodily secretions to alkaline.In fact, it may interfere with the urine test that measures acidity (pH) and glucose.
Choice B is wrong because phenazopyridine does not change bodily secretions to pinkish.However, some other drugs, such as rifampin and doxorubicin, may cause urine to turn red or pink.
Choice D is wrong because phenazopyridine does not change bodily secretions to black.However, some other drugs, such as metronidazole and nitrofurantoin, may cause urine to turn brown or dark yellow.
Some other common side effects of phenazopyridine include headache, dizziness, indigestion, and stomach pain.Some serious side effects include skin itching, interference with the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells, hemolytic anemia, and renal and hepatic toxicity.
These problems are more common in people who have existing kidney problems or take more than recommended.If you experience any of these symptoms, stop taking phenazopyridine hydrochloride and talk to a healthcare provider right away.
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