In which condition is leg pain produced upon increased activity and ischemia to tissues, but then the pain is reduced with rest?

HDL stands for high-density lipoprotein, which is a type of cholesterol that carries excess cholesterol from other parts of the body back to the liver, where it can be removed.HDL cholesterol is often called the “good” cholesterol because it helps protect against heart disease by lowering the amount of plaque buildup in the arteries.Increasing HDL cholesterol levels can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients.

Choice A is wrong because increasing LDL cholesterol levels would have the opposite effect.

LDL stands for low-density lipoprotein, which is a type of cholesterol that carries cholesterol from the liver to other parts of the body, where it can accumulate in the walls of the arteries and form plaque.

LDL cholesterol is often called the “bad” cholesterol because it increases the risk of heart disease by narrowing and hardening the arteries.Decreasing LDL cholesterol levels can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients.

Choice C is wrong because increasing triglyceride levels would also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) that circulates in the blood and provides energy for the body.

However, when triglycerides are too high, they can contribute to plaque formation in the arteries and inflammation of the pancreas.

High triglycerides are often associated with obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and low thyroid levels.Lowering triglyceride levels can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients.

Choice D is wrong because increasing intake of saturated fats would also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Saturated fats are a type of fat that are solid at room temperature and are found mostly in animal products, such as meat, butter, cheese, and cream.

Saturated fats can raise both LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, but they also increase inflammation and oxidative stress in the body, which can damage the blood vessels and increase the risk of heart disease.Reducing intake of saturated fats and replacing them with unsaturated fats, such as olive oil, nuts, seeds, and fish, can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients.

The normal ranges for blood lipid levels are as follows:

• Total cholesterol: less than 200 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L)

• LDL cholesterol: less than 100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L)

• HDL cholesterol: 40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) or higher for men; 50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) or higher for women

• Triglycerides: less than 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)

These are all modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, meaning they can be changed through lifestyle choices or medication.Cholesterol level, blood pressure, weight, and smoking all affect the health of the heart and blood vessels, and can increase the risk of developing conditions such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart attack, or stroke.

Choice C, family history, is not a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

It is a non-modifiable risk factor, meaning it cannot be changed and is determined by genetics.

Having a family history of cardiovascular disease can increase the risk of developing it, but it does not mean that it is inevitable.Other non-modifiable risk factors include sex, older age, race and ethnicity.

Some normal ranges for the modifiable risk factors are:

• Cholesterol level: total cholesterol should be less than 200 mg/dL; LDL cholesterol should be less than 100 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol should be more than 40 mg/dL for men and more than 50 mg/dL for women; triglycerides should be less than 150 mg/dL.

• Blood pressure: normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg; elevated blood pressure is 120-129/less than 80 mmHg; hypertension stage 1 is 130-139/80-89 mmHg; hypertension stage 2 is 140 or higher/90 or higher mmHg.

• Weight: body mass index (BMI) is a measure of weight relative to height; normal BMI is 18.5-24.9 kg/m2; overweight BMI is 25-29.9 kg/m2; obese BMI is 30 or higher kg/m2.

• Smoking: smoking any amount of tobacco products can harm the cardiovascular system; quitting smoking can lower the risk of cardiovascular disease and improve overall health.