Which symptom is an adverse effect of anticholinergic agents used to treat overactive bladder syndrome (OAB)?
Dry mouth.
Restlessness.
Increased salivation.
Diarrhea.
The Correct Answer is A
Dry mouth is a common adverse effect of anticholinergic agents used to treat overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) . Anticholinergic agents prevent involuntary contractions of the bladder detrusor muscle by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that stimulates the muscle . However, anticholinergics are not tissue specific, and they also affect other parts of the body where acetylcholine is involved, such as the salivary glands, the gastrointestinal tract, and the eyes .
Choice B is wrong because restlessness is not a typical side effect of anticholinergic agents. In fact, anticholinergics can cause sedation and drowsiness in some people .
Choice C is wrong because increased salivation is the opposite of what anticholinergics do. Anticholinergics reduce the secretion of saliva, causing dry mouth .
Choice D is wrong because diarrhea is also the opposite of what anticholinergics do. Anticholinergics slow down the movement of the gastrointestinal tract, causing constipation .
Some other possible adverse effects of anticholinergic agents include blurred vision, urinary retention, confusion, memory impairment, and increased risk of dementia and mortality .
Therefore, these drugs should be used with caution and under medical supervision.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Lifestyle is the greatest contributing factor that can lead to many diseases, especially noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), NCDs are responsible for 74% of all deaths worldwide, and they share four major risk factors: tobacco use, physical inactivity, the harmful use of alcohol and unhealthy diets.These modifiable behaviours increase the risk of metabolic risk factors such as raised blood pressure, increased blood glucose, elevated blood lipids and obesity, which can lead to NCDs.
Choice A is wrong because trauma is not a factor that can lead to many diseases, but rather a result of injuries or accidents that damage the body.Trauma can cause acute or chronic conditions, such as infections, bleeding, fractures, organ failure or post-traumatic stress disorder, but it is not a common cause of NCDs.
Choice C is wrong because congenital means present at birth or inherited.
Congenital diseases are caused by genetic mutations or environmental factors that affect the development of the fetus.
Some examples of congenital diseases are Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, congenital heart defects and spina bifida.
Congenital diseases are not the greatest contributing factor to many diseases because they are relatively rare and often detected early.
Choice D is wrong because genetics refers to the inherited traits from parents that influence the risk of developing certain diseases.
Genetics can play a role in some NCDs, such as cancers, diabetes and some cardiovascular diseases, but it is not the only or the most important factor.
Genetics interacts with environmental and lifestyle factors to determine the likelihood of developing a disease.
Therefore, genetics alone cannot lead to many diseases.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Atorvastatin is a type ofstatin, which are the most potent antilipidemic agents, and have proven to lower the risk of myocardial infarction by reducing the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.Statins also slightly increase the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which is beneficial for cardiovascular health.
Choice B, niacin, is a type ofnicotinic acid, which can lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and increase HDL cholesterol, but it is less effective than statins and has more side effects, such as flushing, itching, and liver toxicity.
Choice C, gemfibrozil, is a type offibric acid derivative, which can lower triglycerides and increase HDL cholesterol, but have little effect on LDL cholesterol.They are mainly used for patients with high triglyceride levels or low HDL cholesterol levels.
Choice D, amlodipine, is not an antilipidemic agent at all.It is a type ofcalcium channel blocker, which is used to treat hypertension and angina by relaxing the blood vessels and reducing the workload of the heart.
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