Which symptom is an adverse effect of anticholinergic agents used to treat overactive bladder syndrome (OAB)?
Dry mouth.
Restlessness.
Increased salivation.
Diarrhea.
The Correct Answer is A
Dry mouth is a common adverse effect of anticholinergic agents used to treat overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) . Anticholinergic agents prevent involuntary contractions of the bladder detrusor muscle by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that stimulates the muscle . However, anticholinergics are not tissue specific, and they also affect other parts of the body where acetylcholine is involved, such as the salivary glands, the gastrointestinal tract, and the eyes .
Choice B is wrong because restlessness is not a typical side effect of anticholinergic agents. In fact, anticholinergics can cause sedation and drowsiness in some people .
Choice C is wrong because increased salivation is the opposite of what anticholinergics do. Anticholinergics reduce the secretion of saliva, causing dry mouth .
Choice D is wrong because diarrhea is also the opposite of what anticholinergics do. Anticholinergics slow down the movement of the gastrointestinal tract, causing constipation .
Some other possible adverse effects of anticholinergic agents include blurred vision, urinary retention, confusion, memory impairment, and increased risk of dementia and mortality .
Therefore, these drugs should be used with caution and under medical supervision.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death globally, accounting for 74% of all deaths. NCDs are chronic diseases that are not transmitted from person to person, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes.The main risk factors for NCDs are modifiable behaviours, such as tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and the harmful use of alcohol.These behaviours can lead to metabolic risk factors, such as raised blood pressure, increased blood glucose, elevated blood lipids and obesity, which in turn increase the risk of developing NCDs. Therefore, lifestyle changes that reduce these risk factors can prevent or delay many NCDs and improve health outcomes.
Choice A is wrong because trauma is not a major contributing factor to many diseases.Trauma is an injury or damage to living tissue caused by an external force, such as accidents, violence or natural disasters.Trauma can result in acute or chronic conditions, such as infections, fractures, burns, bleeding or organ failure.
However, trauma is not a common cause of NCDs, which are the main burden of disease globally.
Choice C is wrong because congenital factors are not the greatest contributing factor to many diseases.Congenital factors are those that are present at birth, such as genetic disorders, birth defects or inherited diseases.Congenital factors can affect the development and function of various organs and systems in the body, leading to various health problems.
However, congenital factors are not the main cause of NCDs, which are largely influenced by environmental and behavioural factors.
Choice D is wrong because genetics is not the greatest contributing factor to many diseases.
Genetics is the study of how traits are inherited and expressed in living organisms.
Genetics can influence the susceptibility and resistance to various diseases, as well as the response to treatment and prevention strategies.
However, genetics is not the sole determinant of health and disease, as environmental and behavioural factors also play a significant role in modulating gene expression and function.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Class IV antidysrhythmics or calcium channel blockers have the action ofdecreasing the flow of calcium ionsinto the cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells, thusdecreasing heart rate and contractions.
This leads to vasodilation and myocardial depression, which can help control arrhythmias, hypertension and angina.
Choice A is wrong because calcium channel blockers do not increase blood vessel spasm, but rather relax them by inhibiting the calcium influx that causes contraction.
Choice C is wrong because calcium channel blockers do not promote platelet aggregation, but rather inhibit it by interfering with the calcium-dependent binding of fibrinogen to platelets.
Choice D is wrong because calcium channel blockers do not enhance sympathetic nervous system activity, but rather counteract it by reducing the cardiac output and peripheral resistance.
Some normal ranges for reference are:
• Heart rate: 60-100 beats per minute
• Blood pressure: 120/80 mmHg
• Calcium: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
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