Which symptom is an adverse effect of anticholinergic agents used to treat overactive bladder syndrome (OAB)?
Dry mouth.
Restlessness.
Increased salivation.
Diarrhea.
The Correct Answer is A
Dry mouth is a common adverse effect of anticholinergic agents used to treat overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) . Anticholinergic agents prevent involuntary contractions of the bladder detrusor muscle by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that stimulates the muscle . However, anticholinergics are not tissue specific, and they also affect other parts of the body where acetylcholine is involved, such as the salivary glands, the gastrointestinal tract, and the eyes .
Choice B is wrong because restlessness is not a typical side effect of anticholinergic agents. In fact, anticholinergics can cause sedation and drowsiness in some people .
Choice C is wrong because increased salivation is the opposite of what anticholinergics do. Anticholinergics reduce the secretion of saliva, causing dry mouth .
Choice D is wrong because diarrhea is also the opposite of what anticholinergics do. Anticholinergics slow down the movement of the gastrointestinal tract, causing constipation .
Some other possible adverse effects of anticholinergic agents include blurred vision, urinary retention, confusion, memory impairment, and increased risk of dementia and mortality .
Therefore, these drugs should be used with caution and under medical supervision.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
ACE inhibitors are a type of medication used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. They work by blocking the production of a hormone called angiotensin II, which narrows the blood vessels and increases blood pressure.By preventing this hormone from acting, ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart. One of the most common side effects of ACE inhibitors is a dry cough, which occurs in 12–19% of people who take them. The cough is caused by the accumulation of a substance called bradykinin, which is normally broken down by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).When ACE is inhibited, bradykinin levels increase and cause irritation and inflammation in the airways.
Choice A is wrong because decreased white blood cells are not a common side effect of ACE inhibitors.
However, some people may develop a condition called neutropenia, which is a low level of a type of white blood cell called neutrophils.This can increase the risk of infections and may require stopping the medication.
Choice B is wrong because swelling of the face and lips is not a common side effect of ACE inhibitors.
However, some people may develop a rare but serious allergic reaction called angioedema, which is a swelling of the deeper layers of the skin and mucous membranes.
This can affect the face, lips, tongue, throat, or other parts of the body and can cause difficulty breathing or swallowing.Angioedema can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
Choice D is wrong because renal failure is not a common side effect of ACE inhibitors.
However, some people may experience a decrease in kidney function or an increase in blood levels of creatinine, which is a waste product filtered by the kidneys.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Lisinopril belongs to the class of drugs calledangiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.ACE inhibitors work by blocking the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a hormone that causes blood vessels to narrow and raise blood pressure.By inhibiting this enzyme, ACE inhibitors relax and widen the blood vessels, lower blood pressure, and improve blood flow to the heart and kidneys.
Choice B.Candesartan is wrong because it belongs to the class of drugs calledangiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs).ARBs work by blocking the action of angiotensin II on its receptors, preventing it from causing blood vessel constriction and high blood pressure.ARBs are similar to ACE inhibitors in their effects, but they do not affect the enzyme or the level of bradykinin, a peptide that can cause cough and angioedema as side effects of ACE inhibitors.
Choice C.Metoprolol is wrong because it belongs to the class of drugs calledbeta blockers.Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of adrenaline and other hormones that stimulate the heart and blood vessels, causing them to beat slower and with less force.Beta blockers lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart.
Choice D.Amlodipine is wrong because it belongs to the class of drugs calledcalcium channel blockers.Calcium channel blockers work by blocking the entry of calcium into the muscle cells of the heart and blood vessels, causing them to relax and dilate.Calcium channel blockers lower blood pressure and improve blood flow to the heart.
Normal ranges for blood pressure vary depending on age, gender, and other factors, but generally, a systolic blood pressure (the top number) of less than 120 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number) of less than 80 mmHg are considered normal for adults.A blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg or higher is considered high and may require treatment with medication.
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